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Data from: Global evaluation of inhibitor impacts on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils: A meta-analysis

Fan, Daijia1; He, Wentian1; Smith, Ward2; Drury, Craig2; Jiang, Rong3; Grant, Brian2; Shi, Yaoyao1; Song, Daping1; Chen, Yanhua1; Wang, Xuexia1; He, Ping3; Zou, Guoyuan1

Research facility: China Agriculture Research System
Published Sep 24, 2025 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0k6djhb2n

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Abstract

Inhibitors are widely considered an efficient tool for reducing nitrogen (N) loss and improving N use efficiency, but their effectiveness is highly variable across agroecosystems. In this study, we synthesized 182 studies (222 sites) worldwide to evaluate the impacts of inhibitors (urease inhibitors [UI], nitrification inhibitors [NI] and combined inhibitors [UINI]) on crop yields and gaseous N loss (ammonia [NH3] and nitrous oxide [N2O] emissions) and explored their responses to different management and environmental factors including inhibitor application timing, fertilization regime, cropping system, water management, soil properties and climatic conditions using subgroup meta-analysis, meta-regression and multivariate analyses, including multiple linear regression and random forest regression. The UI were most effective in enhancing crop yields (by 5%) and reducing NH3 volatilization (by 51%) whereas NI were most effective at reducing N2O emissions (by 49%). The application of UI mitigates NH3 loss and increases crop yields especially in high NH3-N loss scenarios, whereas NI application would minimize the net N2O emissions and the resultant environmental impacts especially in low NH3-N loss scenarios. Alternatively, the combined application of UI and NI enables producers to balance crop production and environmental conservation goals without pollution tradeoffs. The inhibitor efficacy for decreasing gaseous N loss was dependent upon soil and climatic conditions and management practices. Notably, both meta-regression and multivariate analyses suggest that inhibitors provide a greater opportunity for reducing fertilizer N inputs in high-N-surplus systems and presumably favor crop yield enhancement under soil N deficiency situations. The pursuit of an improved understanding of the interactions between plant-soil-climate-management systems and different types of inhibitors should continue to optimize the effectiveness of inhibitors for reducing environmental losses while increasing productivity.