Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.0zpc8679s

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains ion concentration measurements obtained using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns generated at the KAUST Core Labs. Electrochemical analyses—including cyclic voltammetry, lithium extraction, and lithium recovery experiments—were performed with a CH Instruments electrochemical workstation at the KAUST IMR laboratory. The rate capability and cycling performance of the materials were assessed using a Neware battery testing system, also located at the KAUST IMR facility.

For a full description of the experimental procedures, instrumentation settings, and characterization methods, please refer to the Supplementary Materials PDF provided on the Nature Water website.

Files and variables

File: Extended_Data_Figure_1e.xlsx

Description: This file provides energy profiles of Li⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ during ion migration in the (100) palne of LiFePO₄.

Variables

• Migration Coordinate – normalized coordinate along the migration pathway (dimensionless index, 0–4).
• Li Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for lithium ion (unit: eV).
• Na Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for sodium ion (unit: eV).
• Mg Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for magnesium ion (unit: eV).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_1f.xlsx

Description: This file provides energy profiles of Li⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ during ion migration in the (010) palne of LiFePO₄.

Variables

• Migration Coordinate – normalized coordinate along the migration pathway (dimensionless index, 0–4).
• Li Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for lithium ion (unit: eV).
• Na Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for sodium ion (unit: eV).
• Mg Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for magnesium ion (unit: eV).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_1g.xlsx

Description: This file provides energy profiles of Li⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ during ion migration in the (001) palne of LiFePO₄.

Variables

• Migration Coordinate – normalized coordinate along the migration pathway (dimensionless index, 0–4).
• Li Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for lithium ion (unit: eV).
• Na Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for sodium ion (unit: eV).
• Mg Energy (eV) – calculated migration barrier energy for magnesium ion (unit: eV).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_2d.xlsx

Description: This file provides electron occupancy probabilities for five d-orbitals of Fe atoms.

Variables

• d-orbitals – the five Fe 3d orbitals considered in the calculation.
• 100-LFP (Electron occupancy probabilities) – calculated occupation probabilities of the five d orbitals for [100]-only LiFePO₄.
• LFP (Electron occupancy probabilities) – calculated occupation probabilities of the five d orbitals for non-oriented LiFePO₄.
• Fe@12CE4 (Electron occupancy probabilities) – calculated occupation probabilities of the five d orbitals  for Fe@12-crown-4 complex.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_2i.xlsx

Description: This file provides experimental X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-synthesized LFP and the standard reference data (PDF#81-1173).

Variables

• 2 Theta (°) – diffraction angle in degrees (2θ).
• Intensity (a.u.) – normalized XRD peak intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_2j.xlsx

Description: This file provides pole figure XRD maps of LFP-40 M (left) and non-oriented LFP (right) with ϕ rotation from 0° to 360° and radius Ψ tilted from 0° to 50°.

Variables

• radius Ψ (°) – sample tilt angle.
• Φ rotation (°) – sample rotation angle.
• Intensity (a.u.) – measured X-ray diffraction intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_3a.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ions concentration and lithium extraction rates of the Great Salt Lake brine under diffrent applied voltage.

Variables

• Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – applied electrode potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Li (mM) – measured lithium ion concentration (millimolar).
• Li (mM) SD – standard deviation of lithium concentration.
• Na (mM) – sodium ion concentration (mM).
• Na (mM) SD – standard deviation of sodium concentration.
• K (mM) – potassium ion concentration (mM).
• K (mM) SD – standard deviation of potassium concentration.
• Mg (mM) – magnesium ion concentration (mM).
• Mg (mM) SD – standard deviation of magnesium concentration.
• Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration (mM).
• Ca (mM) SD – standard deviation of calcium concentration.
• Lithium extraction rate (μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹) – lithium extraction rate normalized to electrode area and time.
• Lithium extraction rate SD – standard deviation of lithium extraction rate.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_3b.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ion extraction selectivities of the Great Salt Lake brine under diffrent applied voltage.

Variables

• Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – applied electrode potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Li/Na – selectivity ratio of lithium over sodium.
• Li/Na SD – standard deviation of Li/Na selectivity ratio.
• Li/Mg – selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium.
• Li/Mg SD – standard deviation of Li/Mg selectivity ratio.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_3c.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ions concentration and lithium extraction rates of the Dead Sea Water brine under diffrent applied voltage.

Variables

• Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – applied electrode potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Li (mM) – measured lithium ion concentration (millimolar).
• Li (mM) SD – standard deviation of lithium concentration.
• Na (mM) – sodium ion concentration (mM).
• Na (mM) SD – standard deviation of sodium concentration.
• K (mM) – potassium ion concentration (mM).
• K (mM) SD – standard deviation of potassium concentration.
• Mg (mM) – magnesium ion concentration (mM).
• Mg (mM) SD – standard deviation of magnesium concentration.
• Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration (mM).
• Ca (mM) SD – standard deviation of calcium concentration.
• Lithium extraction rate (μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹) – lithium extraction rate normalized to electrode area and time.
• Lithium extraction rate SD – standard deviation of lithium extraction rate.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_3d.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ion extraction selectivities of the Great Salt Lake brine under diffrent applied voltage.

Variables

• Voltage vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – applied electrode potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Li/Na – selectivity ratio of lithium over sodium.
• Li/Na SD – standard deviation of Li/Na selectivity ratio.
• Li/Mg – selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium.
• Li/Mg SD – standard deviation of Li/Mg selectivity ratio.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_3e.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ions concentration and lithium extraction rates of of the five types of unconventional resources with different initial lithium concentration.

Variables

• Li (mM) – measured lithium ion concentration (millimolar).
• Li (mM) SD – standard deviation of lithium concentration.
• Na (mM) – sodium ion concentration (mM).
• Na (mM) SD – standard deviation of sodium concentration.
• K (mM) – potassium ion concentration (mM).
• K (mM) SD – standard deviation of potassium concentration.
• Mg (mM) – magnesium ion concentration (mM).
• Mg (mM) SD – standard deviation of magnesium concentration.
• Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration (mM).
• Ca (mM) SD – standard deviation of calcium concentration.
• Lithium extraction rate (μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹) – lithium extraction rate normalized to electrode area and time.
• Lithium extraction rate SD – standard deviation of lithium extraction rate.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_3f.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ion extraction selectivities of the five types of unconventional resources with different initial lithium concentration.

Variables

• Li/Na – selectivity ratio of lithium over sodium.
• Li/Na SD – standard deviation of Li/Na selectivity ratio.
• Li/Mg – selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium.
• Li/Mg SD – standard deviation of Li/Mg selectivity ratio.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_4a.xlsx

Description: This file provides ¹H NMR spectra of diethylene glycol (DEG) solvent with the addition of different salts in deuterated chloroform (CDCl₃).

Variables

• DEG ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of pure DEG (ppm).
• DEG Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of pure DEG.
• DEG_0.15M LiCl ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M LiCl.
• DEG_0.15M LiCl Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M LiCl.
• DEG_0.15M Li₃PO₄ ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M LiH₂PO₄.
• DEG_0.15M Li₃PO₄ Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M LiH₂PO₄.
• DEG_0.15M FeCl₂ ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M FeCl₂.
• DEG_0.15M FeCl₂ Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG in the presence of 0.15 M FeCl₂.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_4b.xlsx

Description: This file provides ¹H NMR spectra of the DEG solvent, mixture after reaction , and referenced 12CE4 in CDCl3.

Variables

• Mixture after reaction ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of the mixture after reaction (ppm).
• Mixture after reaction Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of the mixture after reaction.
• DEG ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of DEG (ppm).
• DEG Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of DEG.
• 12CE4 ¹H chemical shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift of 12-crown-4 ether (ppm).
• 12CE4 Intensity – ¹H NMR signal intensity of 12-crown-4 ether.

File: Extended_Data_Figure_4d.xlsx

Description: This file provides the experimental PXRD patterns of LFP-DEG.

Variables

• 2 Theta (degree) – diffraction angle 2θ in degrees.
• Intensity – XRD signal intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_4f.xlsx

Description: This file provides the polarization curves of the [100]-only LFP recorded over 12 cycles.

Variables

• Time (h) – elapsed time during the measurement (hours).
• Current (A) – measured current (amperes).
• Voltage (V) – measured potential (volts).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_4g.xlsx

Description: This file provides the ions concentration in the extraction solution and the lithium concentration in the remaining feed solution for each cycle.

Variables

• Cycle – cycle number during electrochemical testing.
• Li (mM) – lithium ion concentration in solution (millimolar).
• Na (mM) – sodium ion concentration (mM).
• K (mM) – potassium ion concentration (mM).
• Mg (mM) – magnesium ion concentration (mM).
• Ca (mM) – calcium ion concentration (mM).
• Li in Feed solution (mM) – lithium concentration in the feed solution at each cycle (mM).

File: Extended_Data_Figure_4h.xlsx

Description: This file provides the ion extraction selectivities for each cycle.

Variables

• Cycle – cycle number during electrochemical testing.
• Li/Na – selectivity ratio of lithium over sodium.
• Li/Mg – selectivity ratio of lithium over magnesium.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S1c.xlsx

Description: This file provides ions ionic radii of Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺.

Variables

• Different ions – type of cation including Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺.
• Radii (Å) – ionic radii expressed in angstroms (Å).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S2a.xlsx

Description: This file provides the Projected Density of States (PDOS) for five d-orbitals of Fe atom for 100-LFP.

Variables

• Energy (eV) – electronic energy levels in electronvolts.
• up d_ab PDOS (a.u.) – projected density of states (arbitrary units) for spin-up d_ab.
• up d_ac PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_ac.
• up d_c PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_c.
• up d_bc PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_bc.
• up d_a²-b PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_a²-b .
• down d_ab PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_ab.
• down d_ac PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_ac.
• down d_c PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_c.
• down d_bc PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_bc.
• down d_{a²-b^{2 ~PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d~a2}-b}.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S2b.xlsx

Description: This file provides the Projected Density of States (PDOS) for five d-orbitals of Fe atom for LFP.

Variables

• Energy (eV) – electronic energy levels in electronvolts.
• up d_ab PDOS (a.u.) – projected density of states (arbitrary units) for spin-up d_ab.
• up d_ac PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_ac.
• up d_c PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_c.
• up d_bc PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_bc.
• up d_a²-b PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_a²-b.
• down d_ab PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_ab.
• down d_ac PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-downd_ac.
• down d_c PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_c.
• down d~bc ~PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_bc.
• down d_a²-b PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_a²-b.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S2c.xlsx

Description: This file provides the Projected Density of States (PDOS) for five d-orbitals of Fe atom for Fe@12CE4.

Variables

• Energy (eV) – electronic energy levels in electronvolts.
• up d_ab PDOS (a.u.) – projected density of states (arbitrary units) for spin-up d_ab.
• up d_ac PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_ac.
• up d_c PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_c.
• up d_bc PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_bc.
• up d_a²-b PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-up d_a²-b.
• down d_ab PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_ab.
• down d_ac PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-downd_ac.
• down d_c PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_c.
• down d~bc ~PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_bc.
• down d_a²-b PDOS (a.u.) – PDOS for spin-down d_a²-b.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S3.xlsx

Description: This file provides ¹H NMR spectra of the 12CE4 and Fe@12CE4 in DMSO-D6.

Variables

• Fe@12CE4 f1 (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift values (ppm) for the Fe@12CE4 complex.
• Fe@12CE4 Intensity – corresponding NMR signal intensities for Fe@12CE4 (arbitrary units).
• 12CE4 f1 (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift values (ppm) for 12CE4.
• 12CE4 Intensity – corresponding NMR signal intensities for 12CE4 (arbitrary units).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S4.xlsx

Description: This file provides UV-vis spectra of pristine FeCl₂·4H₂O and with addition of 12CE4 in EtOH solution.

Variables

• pristine Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (in nanometers, nm) for the pristine sample.
• pristine Intensity – corresponding UV–Vis absorption intensity (arbitrary units).
• 1:1 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 1:1 molar ratio sample.
• 1:1 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 1:1 sample.
• 2:1 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 2:1 sample.
• 2:1 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 2:1 sample.
• 4:1 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 4:1 sample.
• 4:1 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 4:1 sample.
• 8:1 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 8:1 sample.
• 8:1 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 8:1 sample.
• 10:1 Wavelength (nm) – wavelength values (nm) for the 10:1 sample.
• 10:1 Intensity – absorption intensity (a.u.) for the 10:1 sample.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S5.xlsx

Description: This file provides the Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of Fe foil, FeCl₂·4H₂O, FeCl₂·4H₂O@12C4, FeO and Fe₂O₃.

Variables

• energy (eV) – incident X-ray energy in electronvolts (eV).
• Fe-foil_Fe-K – normalized absorption intensity (a.u.) for Fe foil standard.
• FeCl₂·4H₂O_Fe-K – normalized absorption intensity (a.u.) for FeCl₂·4H₂O.
• FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4_Fe-K – normalized absorption intensity (a.u.) for FeCl₂·4H₂O complexed with 12-crown-4 ether.
• FeO – normalized absorption intensity (a.u.) for FeO reference compound.
• Fe₂O₃ – normalized absorption intensity (a.u.) for Fe₂O₃ reference compound.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S6.xlsx

Description: This file corresponds to the EXAFS fitting results in Supplementary Fig. S6. It contains raw χ(k) values, Fourier transformed χ(R), and least-squares fitting curves.

Variables

• R (Å) – Radial distance in angstroms, corresponding to Fourier transform of Fe K-edge EXAFS spectra.
• χ(Fe foil), fit(Fe foil), chir_mag(Fe foil), fit2(Fe foil) – experimental χ(k), fitted χ(k), magnitude of Fourier transformed χ(R), and secondary fit values for Fe foil reference.
• χ(FeCl₂·4H₂O), fit(FeCl₂·4H₂O), chir_mag(FeCl₂·4H₂O), fit2(FeCl₂·4H₂O) – same variables for FeCl₂·4H₂O.
• χ(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4), fit(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4), chir_mag(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4), fit2(FeCl₂·4H₂O@12CE4) – same variables for FeCl₂·4H₂O complexed with 12-crown-4 ether.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S7.xlsx

Description: This file provides PXRD patterns of the as-synthesized LFP-40 M alongside the standard reference data (PDF#81-1173).

Variables

• 2 Theta PDF#81-1173 (degree) – Reference diffraction angles (2θ) from PDF card #81-1173 (standard LiFePO₄ pattern).
• Intensity PDF#81-1173 (a.u.) – Relative intensity of corresponding diffraction peaks from PDF card.
• 2 Theta LFP-40M (degree) – Measured diffraction angles (2θ) of the synthesized LFP-40M sample.
• Intensity LFP-40M (a.u.) – Corresponding measured relative intensity values.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S8b.xlsx

Description: This file provides the ¹H NMR of the reaction solution before and after the synthesis of LFP, where the postfix of “-Be” and “-Af” refers to the reaction solution before and after the synthesis of LFP, respectively.

Variables

• Chemical Shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift values.
• Intensity – Corresponding signal intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S8j.xlsx

Description: This file provides the PXRD patterns of the synthesis of LFP from different solvents.

Variables

• 2 Theta (°) – diffraction angle in degrees (2θ).
• Intensity – Corresponding signal intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S9a.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M lithium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate.

Variables

• Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S9b.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M sodium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate.

Variables

• Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S9c.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M magnesium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate.

Variables

• Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S9d.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M potasium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate.

Variables

• Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S9e.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the [100]-only LFP in 1 M Calcium chloride aqueous solution at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate.

Variables

• Potential vs. Ag/AgCl (V) – Applied potential relative to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode (unit: V).
• Current density (mA cm⁻²) – Measured current normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S10.xlsx

Description: This file provides nitrogen adsorption isotherms of [100]-only LFP measured at 77 K.

Variables

• Relative Pressure (p/p⁰) adsorption – Ratio of equilibrium pressure to saturation pressure during the adsorption process.
• Quantity Adsorbed (cm³ g⁻¹ STP) adsorption – Volume of gas adsorbed per gram of sample, normalized to standard temperature and pressure (cm³/g STP).
• Relative Pressure (p/p⁰) desorption – Ratio of equilibrium pressure to saturation pressure during the desorption process.
• Quantity Adsorbed (cm³ g⁻¹ STP) desorption – Volume of gas remaining adsorbed per gram of sample during desorption (cm³/g STP).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11a.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the Non-oriented LFP in 1M LiCl at multiple scan rates.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11c.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the [100]-only LFP in 1M LiCl at multiple scan rates.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11e.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the Non-oriented LFP in 1M NaCl at multiple scan rates.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11g.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the [100]-only LFP in 1M NaCl at multiple scan rates.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s, 0.9 mV/s, 1.2 mV/s, 1.5 mV/s) – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11i.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the Non-oriented LFP in 1M MgCl₂ at multiple scan rates.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s) – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S11j.xlsx

Description: This file provides cyclic voltammetry (CV) profiles of the 100-[only] LFP in 1M MgCl2 at multiple scan rates.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1 mV/s, 0.3 mV/s, 0.5 mV/s, 0.7 mV/s) – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (A) – Measured current response at corresponding potential for each scan rate (A).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S13.xlsx

Description: This file provides the current density as a function of time in the preparation of the FePO4 electrode.

Variables

• Time (h) – Measurement time (hours).
• Current (A m⁻²) – Current density normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S14.xlsx

Description: This file provides the current density as a function of time in the preparation of the AgCl electrode.

Variables

• Time (h) – Measurement time (hours).
• Current (A m⁻²) – Current density normalized by electrode area (unit: A/cm²).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S15a.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ions concentration and lithium extraction rates of of the five types of unconventional resources with different initial lithium concentration for Non-oriented LFP.

Variables

• All the variables are the same with Extended_Data_Figure_3e.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S15b.xlsx

Description: This files provides the ion extraction selectivities of the five types of unconventional resources with different initial lithium concentration for Non-oriented LFP.

Variables

• All the variables are the same with Extended_Data_Figure_3f.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S17g.xlsx

Description: This file provides the PXRD patterns of LFPs synthesized by the reused reaction solutions.

Variables

• 2 Theta (°) – diffraction angle in degrees (2θ).
• Intensity – Corresponding signal intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S17h.xlsx

Description: This file provides the ¹H NMR spectra of LFPs synthesized by the reused reaction solutions.

Variables

• Chemical Shift (ppm) – ¹H NMR chemical shift values.
• Intensity – Corresponding signal intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S20a.xlsx

Description: This file provides the cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO₄ electrode from the LFP-40M and LFP-DEG at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate in 1 M LiCl aqueous solution.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (mA m⁻²) – Current density normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²)

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S20b.xlsx

Description: This file provides the cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the LFP-40M and LFP-DEG at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate in 1 M NaCl aqueous solution.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).

  Current (mA m⁻²) – Current density normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²)

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S21.xlsx

Description: This file provides the PXRD patterns of the produced and standard Li₂CO₃.

Variables

• 2 Theta (°) – diffraction angle in degrees (2θ).
• Intensity – Corresponding signal intensity (arbitrary units).

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S20c.xlsx

Description: This file provides the cyclic voltammetry tests for FePO4 electrode from the LFP-40M and LFP-DEG at a 0.1 mV/s scan rate in 1 M MgCl₂ aqueous solution.

Variables

• Potential V vs. Ag/AgCl – Applied potential relative to Ag/AgCl reference electrode (V).
• Current (mA m⁻²) – Current density normalized by electrode area (unit: mA/cm²)

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S22a.xlsx

Description: This file provides the rate performance of [100]-only LFP and Non-oriented LFP at different current density.

Variables

• Cycle : Number of charge–discharge cycles performed.
• Current density (mA g⁻¹): Applied current normalized to mass of active material.
• Charge capacity (mg g⁻¹ LiFePO₄): Measured lithium intercalation capacity during charging.
• Discharge capacity (mg g⁻¹ LiFePO₄): Measured lithium deintercalation capacity during discharging.
• Coulombic efficiency (%): Ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity.

File: Supplementatry_Figure_S22b.xlsx

Description: This file provides the cycling performance of [100]-only LFP and Non-oriented LFP.

Variables

• Cycle : Number of charge–discharge cycles performed.
• Capacity retention (%): Normalized discharge capacity relative to the initial cycle capacity.

Code/software

Data files are stored in Excel format compatible with Microsoft Office versions later than 2003. Each file is named according to the figure in which the plotted data appears, with additional details on sample descriptions and data interpretation provided within the files.