Limits to the evolution of herbicide escape and tolerance in the agricultural weed Amaranthus palmeri
Data files
Jun 19, 2025 version files 147.69 KB
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emergence.2018.fam.inc.no.outliers.csv
22.07 KB
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inflor.2017.csv
17.39 KB
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inflor.2018.csv
15.01 KB
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README.md
14.04 KB
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survival.2017.csv
13.64 KB
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survival.2018.csv
25 KB
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tolerance.2018.csv
20.56 KB
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tolerance.2018.no.outliers.csv
19.98 KB
Abstract
In response to novel anthropogenic stresses, defense strategies including resistance, tolerance, and escape can evolve. However, if the evolution of one or more of these strategies is limited by weak natural selection or a lack of genetic variation, then a mixed strategy (e.g. resistance and tolerance) is unlikely to evolve. To determine the mechanisms that limit the evolution of defense strategies, we studied escape from and tolerance to glyphosate herbicide in Amaranthus palmeri, an agricultural weed that has evolved glyphosate resistance. We grew A. palmeri in fields planted with corn, soybean, or no crop; manipulated their exposure to glyphosate; and measured escape and tolerance. We did not detect selection or genetic variation for glyphosate escape in any agricultural environment, suggesting that a mixed strategy of resistance and escape is unlikely to evolve in A. palmeri. We also did not detect selection for glyphosate tolerance, but there was genetic variation for tolerance in a corn crop environment, suggesting the potential for a mixed strategy of resistance and tolerance to evolve in A. palmeri in only a subset of environments. These results suggest that exposure to herbicides is unlikely to cause the widespread evolution of a mixed defense strategy in agricultural weeds.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8kprr4xwg
Description of the data and file structure
Data and code for: Limits to the evolution of herbicide escape and tolerance in the agricultural weed Amaranthus palmeri. Submitted to Evolution.
This package contains 14 files:
1. “survival.2017.csv”: This file contains the data used to estimate selection on days to seedling emergence via survival for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2017 a cultivated soybean field (Fig. 1; Table S2). The columns are as follows:
-position: Unique number identifying each plant included in the data set
-block: Identity of the field where each experimental plant was located (A, B, or C)
-population: Identity of the population (Table S1) that an open-pollinated maternal family was collected from (HE (41.447092 -90.141592); CH (40.074505 -88.246533); EF (39.228864 -88.525873); MD-IL (38.691638, -90.021769); GA (37.629676 -88.166345); PH (36.360356 -80.57341); MR (35.979622 -77.362871); UC (35.897903 -77.672789); TA (35.887358 -77.443634); WA (35.781702 -78.352149); LI (35.726837 -80.313716); CL (35.674307 -78.512462); JO (35.669931 -78.49939); WI (35.60278 -78.071049); RA (35.55501 -80.013807); WN (35.310539 -78.078181); ON (34.90157 -77.607704); LB (34.897865 -79.047614); MA (32.423982 -84.129029); DO (32.106095 -83.777492); WO (31.508744 -83.658883); CO (31.141031 -83.723125))
-treatment: S = sprayed with glyphosate herbicide; NS = not sprayed with glyphosate herbicide
-emergence: Number of days from planting to seedling emergence
-survival: 0 = either dead when fitness components were measured at the end of the growing season or alive but had not flowered. 1 = alive and had flowered when fitness components were measured at the end of the growing season
2. “survival.2018.csv”: This file contains the data used to estimate genetic variation for and selection on days to seedling emergence via survival for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2018 in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop (Figs. 1-2; Table S2). The columns are as follows:
-position: Unique number identifying each plant included in the data set
-block: Identity of the field where each experimental plant was located (A, B, or C)
-population: Identity of the population (Table S1) that an open-pollinated maternal family was collected from (HE (41.447092 -90.141592); CH (40.074505 -88.246533); EF (39.228864 -88.525873); MD-IL (38.691638, -90.021769); GA (37.629676 -88.166345); PH (36.360356 -80.57341); MR (35.979622 -77.362871); UC (35.897903 -77.672789); TA (35.887358 -77.443634); WA (35.781702 -78.352149); LI (35.726837 -80.313716); CL (35.674307 -78.512462); JO (35.669931 -78.49939); WI (35.60278 -78.071049); RA (35.55501 -80.013807); WN (35.310539 -78.078181); ON (34.90157 -77.607704); LB (34.897865 -79.047614); MA (32.423982 -84.129029); DO (32.106095 -83.777492); WO (31.508744 -83.658883); CO (31.141031 -83.723125))
-crop: C = grown in a field planted with corn; NC = plant grown in a cultivated field not planted with a crop
-treatment: S = sprayed with glyphosate herbicide; NS = not sprayed with glyphosate herbicide
-emergence: Number of days from planting to seedling emergence
-survival: 0 = either dead when fitness components were measured at the end of the growing season or alive but had not flowered. 1 = alive and had flowered when fitness components were measured at the end of the growing season
-family: Unique number (1-30) identifying the open-pollinated maternal family that a plant is a member of
3. “inflor.2017.csv”: This file contains the data used to estimate selection on days to seedling emergence via number of inflorescences and mean inflorescence length for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2017 a cultivated soybean field (Fig. 1; Table S2). The columns are as follows:
-Position: Unique number identifying each plant included in the data set
-Block: Identity of the field where each experimental plant was located (A, B, or C)
-Population: Identity of the population (Table S1) that an open-pollinated maternal family was collected from (HE (41.447092 -90.141592); CH (40.074505 -88.246533); EF (39.228864 -88.525873); MD-IL (38.691638, -90.021769); GA (37.629676 -88.166345); PH (36.360356 -80.57341); MR (35.979622 -77.362871); UC (35.897903 -77.672789); TA (35.887358 -77.443634); WA (35.781702 -78.352149); LI (35.726837 -80.313716); CL (35.674307 -78.512462); JO (35.669931 -78.49939); WI (35.60278 -78.071049); RA (35.55501 -80.013807); WN (35.310539 -78.078181); ON (34.90157 -77.607704); LB (34.897865 -79.047614); MA (32.423982 -84.129029); DO (32.106095 -83.777492); WO (31.508744 -83.658883); CO (31.141031 -83.723125))
-Treatment: S = sprayed with glyphosate herbicide; NS = not sprayed with glyphosate herbicide
-Num.Inflor: Number of inflorescences produced at the end of the growing season
-Inflor.Len: Mean length in cm of the inflorescences produced on one haphazardly selected branch
-Days.Emerge: Number of days from planting to seedling emergence
4. “inflor.2018.csv”: This file contains the data used to estimate selection on days to seedling emergence via number of inflorescences and mean inflorescence length for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2018 in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop (Fig. 1; Table S2). The columns are as follows:
-Position: Unique number identifying each plant included in the data set
-Block: Identity of the field where each experimental plant was located (A, B, or C)
-Population: Identity of the population (Table S1) that an open-pollinated maternal family was collected from (HE (41.447092 -90.141592); CH (40.074505 -88.246533); EF (39.228864 -88.525873); MD-IL (38.691638, -90.021769); GA (37.629676 -88.166345); PH (36.360356 -80.57341); MR (35.979622 -77.362871); UC (35.897903 -77.672789); TA (35.887358 -77.443634); WA (35.781702 -78.352149); LI (35.726837 -80.313716); CL (35.674307 -78.512462); JO (35.669931 -78.49939); WI (35.60278 -78.071049); RA (35.55501 -80.013807); WN (35.310539 -78.078181); ON (34.90157 -77.607704); LB (34.897865 -79.047614); MA (32.423982 -84.129029); DO (32.106095 -83.777492); WO (31.508744 -83.658883); CO (31.141031 -83.723125))
-Crop: C = grown in a field planted with corn; NC = plant grown in a cultivated field not planted with a crop
-Treatment: S = sprayed with glyphosate herbicide; NS = not sprayed with glyphosate herbicide
-Days.Emerge: Number of days from planting to seedling emergence
-Num.Inflor: Number of inflorescences produced at the end of the growing season
-Inflor.Len: Mean length in cm of the inflorescences produced on one haphazardly selected branch
5. “tolerance.2018.csv”: This file contains the data used to estimate genetic variation for (Fig. 3) and selection on tolerance for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2018 in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop. The columns are as follows:
-position: Unique number identifying each plant included in the data set
-block: Identity of the field where each experimental plant was located (A, B, or C)
-population: Identity of the population (Table S1) that an open-pollinated maternal family was collected from (HE (41.447092 -90.141592); CH (40.074505 -88.246533); EF (39.228864 -88.525873); MD-IL (38.691638, -90.021769); GA (37.629676 -88.166345); PH (36.360356 -80.57341); MR (35.979622 -77.362871); UC (35.897903 -77.672789); TA (35.887358 -77.443634); WA (35.781702 -78.352149); LI (35.726837 -80.313716); CL (35.674307 -78.512462); JO (35.669931 -78.49939); WI (35.60278 -78.071049); RA (35.55501 -80.013807); WN (35.310539 -78.078181); ON (34.90157 -77.607704); LB (34.897865 -79.047614); MA (32.423982 -84.129029); DO (32.106095 -83.777492); WO (31.508744 -83.658883); CO (31.141031 -83.723125))
-crop: C = grown in a field planted with corn; NC = plant grown in a cultivated field not planted with a crop
-treatment: S = sprayed with glyphosate herbicide; NS = not sprayed with glyphosate herbicide
-family: Unique number (1-30) identifying the open-pollinated maternal family that a plant is a member of
-tot.inflor.len: Total inflorescence length for a plant, calculated as the number of inflorescences times the mean inflorescence length. Plants that did not survive have a total infloresence length of 0.
6. “emergence.2018.fam.inc.no.outliers.csv”: This file contains the data used to estimate genetic correlations between tolerance and emergence for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2018 in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop when two outlier families were excluded (supplemental information). The columns are as follows:
-position: Unique number identifying each plant included in the data set
-block: Identity of the field where each experimental plant was located (A, B, or C)
-population: Identity of the population (Table S1) that an open-pollinated maternal family was collected from (HE (41.447092 -90.141592); CH (40.074505 -88.246533); EF (39.228864 -88.525873); MD-IL (38.691638, -90.021769); GA (37.629676 -88.166345); PH (36.360356 -80.57341); MR (35.979622 -77.362871); UC (35.897903 -77.672789); TA (35.887358 -77.443634); WA (35.781702 -78.352149); LI (35.726837 -80.313716); CL (35.674307 -78.512462); JO (35.669931 -78.49939); WI (35.60278 -78.071049); RA (35.55501 -80.013807); WN (35.310539 -78.078181); ON (34.90157 -77.607704); LB (34.897865 -79.047614); MA (32.423982 -84.129029); DO (32.106095 -83.777492); WO (31.508744 -83.658883); CO (31.141031 -83.723125))
-crop: C = grown in a field planted with corn; NC = plant grown in a cultivated field not planted with a crop
-treatment: S = sprayed with glyphosate herbicide; NS = not sprayed with glyphosate herbicide
-emergence: Number of days from planting to seedling emergence
-family: Unique number (1-30) identifying the open-pollinated maternal family that a plant is a member of
7. “tolerance.2018.no.outliers.csv”: This file contains the data used to estimate genetic variation, selection, and tolerance for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2018 in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop after two outlier families were removed (supplemental information). The columns are as follows:
-position: Unique number identifying each plant included in the data set
-block: Identity of the field where each experimental plant was located (A, B, or C)
-population: Identity of the population (Table S1) that an open-pollinated maternal family was collected from (HE (41.447092 -90.141592); CH (40.074505 -88.246533); EF (39.228864 -88.525873); MD-IL (38.691638, -90.021769); GA (37.629676 -88.166345); PH (36.360356 -80.57341); MR (35.979622 -77.362871); UC (35.897903 -77.672789); TA (35.887358 -77.443634); WA (35.781702 -78.352149); LI (35.726837 -80.313716); CL (35.674307 -78.512462); JO (35.669931 -78.49939); WI (35.60278 -78.071049); RA (35.55501 -80.013807); WN (35.310539 -78.078181); ON (34.90157 -77.607704); LB (34.897865 -79.047614); MA (32.423982 -84.129029); DO (32.106095 -83.777492); WO (31.508744 -83.658883); CO (31.141031 -83.723125))
-crop: C = grown in a field planted with corn; NC = plant grown in a cultivated field not planted with a crop
-treatment: S = sprayed with glyphosate herbicide; NS = not sprayed with glyphosate herbicide
-family: Unique number (1-30) identifying the open-pollinated maternal family that a plant is a member of
-tot.inflor.len: Total inflorescence length for a plant, calculated as the number of inflorescences times the mean inflorescence length. Plants that did not survive have a total infloresence length of 0.
8. “Script.emerge.2017.R”: The R script used to estimate selection on days to seedling emergence for Amaranthus palmeri growing in cultivated field planted with a soybean crop in 2017 (Table S2) and calculate contrasts for graphing (Fig. 1).
9. “Script.emerge.2018.R”: The R script used to estimate selection on days to seedling emergence for Amaranthus palmeri growing in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop in 2018 (Table 1); calculate contrasts for graphing (Fig. 1); and compare and graph fitness between agricultural environments (Table S3; Fig. S3).
10. “Script.emerge.figure.R”: The R script used to produce a graph of cumulative seedling emergence estimate selection on days to seedling emergence for Amaranthus palmeri growing in either a cultivated soybean field, a cultivated corn field, or a cultivated field not planted with a crop (Fig. S1).
11. “Script.tolerance.2018.R”: The R script used to estimate genetic variation (Fig. 3) and selection for tolerance of Amaranthus palmeri growing in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop in 2018.
12. “Script.gbye.corr.R”: The R script used to estimate (1) genetic variation for days to seedling emergence (Fig. 2) and (2) genetic correlations for days to seedling emergence and tolerance (Fig. S2) for Amaranthus palmeri growing in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop in 2018.
13. “Script.tolerance.2018.no.outliers.R”: The R script used to estimate genetic variation, selection, and tolerance for Amaranthus palmeri grown in 2018 in either a cultivated corn field or a cultivated field not planted with a crop after two outlier families were removed (supplemental information).
14. “Fig.1.escape.R”: The R script used to graph contrasts for selection for escape for Amaranthus palmeri grown in a cultivated soybean field, a cultivated corn field, or a cultivated field not planted with a crop (Fig. 1).