Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.9ghx3ffxp

Description of the data and file structure

We offer a new geodatabase titled the African Database of Savanna Protected Areas (ADSPA). The database includes an up-to-date spatial layer of protected area boundaries (as polygons), and multiple environmental variables sourced from global datasets. The data are organized into five .zip files which contain folders; folders contain .csv files or .shp files that represent raw data or files required to run the analyses in R. This geodatabase can serve as a crucial baseline for future analyses of African savannas to understand global change and human impacts on savanna ecosystems. ADSPA is also available for download under the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/xfcb7/), and we welcome edits, improvements, and additions to the database.

Zip files, folders, files, and variables

Zip file: ADSPA_CLUSTER_AND_SEM_ANALYSIS.zip

R script and all data required to run the cluster and structural equation modelling analysis. The following folders are included: ‘data’, ‘pix’, ‘sem.results’, and ‘veg_map’. The ‘data’ folder includes the raw data ADSPA_ALL.csv and ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv required to execute analyses. The ‘pix’ folder includes the output data from the within-ecosystem cluster analysis. The ‘sem.results’ folder is where all results from the structural equation modelling analysis are written. The folder ‘veg_map’ includes several savanna biome layer maps used to compare vegetation types and consumer types among clusters.

Folder: \data

File: ADSPA_ALL.csv

• ID: unique numerical identifier of protected area
• ID.PIX: unique numerical identifier of each 5 km2 pixel within protected area
• Name: name of protected area
• Code: four-letter unique code for protected area
• Country: country of protected area
• X: longitude (UTM meters)
• Y: latitude (UTM meters)
• MAP: mean annual precipitation (mm yr-1)
• MAT: mean annual temperature (oC)
• SEAS: seasonality (coefficient of variation in monthly rainfall)
• ETo: reference evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
• BDEN: soil bulk density (kg dm-3)
• ORGC: soil organic carbon (g kg-1)
• SAND: sand (%)
• DEM: elevation (m)
• WET
• FIRE RAD: fire radiative power
• FIRE FREQ: fire frequency
• ELEP: elephant density all years (N km-2)
• ELEP N: count of number of available studies/records across all census years
• ELEP 2000: elephant density since 2000 (N km-2)
• ELEP N2000: count of number of available studies/records since 2000
• TC: tree cover (%)

File: ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv

• ID: unique numerical identifier of protected area
• Name: name of protected area
• Code: four-letter unique code for protected area
• Country: country of protected area
• Citations: number of protected area citations from literature search
• X: longitude (UTM meters)
• Y: latitude (UTM meters)
• MAP: mean annual precipitation (mm yr-1)
• MAT: mean annual temperature (oC)
• SEAS: seasonality (coefficient of variation in monthly rainfall)
• ETo: reference evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
• BDEN: soil bulk density (kg dm-3)
• ORGC: soil organic carbon (g kg-1)
• SAND: sand (%)
• DEM: elevation (m)
• TOPO: coefficient of variation in elevation from a DEM
• WET: average area of wetland per pixel (ha)
• FIRE RAD: fire radiative power
• FIRE FREQ: fire frequency
• ELEP: elephant density (N km-2)
• TC: tree cover (%)
• Cluster: cluster number from cluster analysis (1 - 5)

Folder: \pix

File: Amboseli.pix.csv
File: Hluhluwe-iMfolozi.pix.csv
File: Kruger National Park.pix.csv
File: Okavango.pix.csv
File: Serengeti.pix.csv

• CLUST.5km: cluster number (1-4)
• Name: park name
• X: longitude (m)
• Y: latitude (m)
• MAP: mean annual precipitation (mm yr-1)
• ETo: reference evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
• MAT: mean annual temperature (oC)
• SEAS: seasonality (coefficient of variation in monthly rainfall)
• BDEN: soil bulk density (kg dm-3)
• SAND: sand (%)
• ORGC: soil organic carbon (g kg-1)
• WET: average area of wetland per pixel (ha)
• ID: unique pixel id number (sorted by cluster)
• col.4: name of the color in R for plotting

Folder: \sem.results
NOTE: all files have the same column headings.

File: coefs.clust.1.trim.csv
File: coefs.clust.2.trim.csv
File: coefs.clust.3.trim.csv
File: coefs.clust.4.trim.csv
File: coefs.clust.5.trim.csv
File: coefs.clust.all.trim.csv

• Response: response variable in the SEM analysis ('~~' represents a correlation)
• Predictor: predictor variable in the SEM analysis ('~~' represents a correlation)
• Estimate: estimated path coefficient
• Std.Error: standard error of the estimated path coefficient
• DF: degrees of freedom
• Crit.Value: critical value for significance
• P.Value: p-value that the estimated coefficient is different from zero
• Std.Estimate: standardized path coefficient

Folder: \veg.map

File: Aleman savanna-forest map.shp

Shapefile of African savanna-forest vegetation from the following source:

Aleman, J.C., Fayolle, A., Favier, C., Staver, A.C., Dexter, K.G., Ryan, C.M., Azihou, A.F., Bauman, D., te Beest, M., Chidumayo, E.N. and Comiskey, J.A., 2020. Floristic evidence for alternative biome states in tropical Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(45), pp.28183-28190.

File: Caesalpiniod_mixed_savanna_QDS.shp

Shapefile of fine- vs. broad-leaved vegetation across the African savanna biome from White (1983) as digitized in the following source:

Hempson, G.P., Archibald, S. and Staver, C., 2019. Fire and browsers in savannas: traits, interactions, and continent‐level patterns. Savanna Woody plants and large herbivores, pp.439-468.

File: Savanna_50percent_300mm_dissolve.shp

Shapefile depicting the savanna area boundary as defined by the following source:

Beale, C.M., Courtney Mustaphi, C.J., Morrison, T.A., Archibald, S.,
Anderson, T.M., Dobson, A.P., Donaldson, J.E., Hempson, G.P., Probert, J. and
Parr, C.L., 2018. Pyrodiversity interacts with rainfall to increase bird and
mammal richness in African savannas. Ecology Letters, 21(4), pp.557-567.

Zip file: ADSPA_LITERATURE_SEARCH.zip

Data files, search strategy, and R code used to conduct a literature search of four online peer-reviewed publication databases (EBSCO Environment Complete, ProQuest Agricultural & Environmental Science, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection). We searched for the name of each savanna protected area from ADSPA, along with other entry terms such as “national,” “park,” “reserve,” “savannah,” and “ecosystem,” prior to January 01 2025 and compiled the number of unique instances in which the entry terms occurred in a title or abstract. We extracted the article title, authors, year, journal name, and abstract from each database and used a custom script in R to eliminate duplicates, or redundant entries, and enumerate the number of citations for each protected area.

Folder: \data

File: ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv

• ID: unique numerical identifier of protected area
• Name: name of protected area
• Code: four-letter unique code for protected area
• Country: country of protected area
• Citations: number of protected area citations from literature search
• X: longitude (UTM meters)
• Y: latitude (UTM meters)
• MAP: mean annual precipitation (mm yr-1)
• MAT: mean annual temperature (oC)
• SEAS: seasonality (coefficient of variation in monthly rainfall)
• ETo: reference evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
• BDEN: soil bulk density (kg dm-3)
• ORGC: soil organic carbon (g kg-1)
• SAND: sand (%)
• DEM: elevation (m)
• TOPO: coefficient of variation in elevation from a DEM
• WET: average area of wetland per pixel (ha)
• FIRE RAD: fire radiative power
• FIRE FREQ: fire frequency
• ELEP: elephant density (N km-2)
• TC: tree cover (%)
• Cluster: cluster number from cluster analysis (1 - 5)

File: ADSPA_original.park.names.csv
Name: name of protected area

Folder: \database_search_results

File: EBSCO_02-18-2025.csv

• longDBName: Long database name
• shortDBName: Short database name
• an: Ascension number
• title: Article title
• abstract: Full written abstract
• publicationDate: Date published
• contributors: Authors
• docTypes: Document type
• pubTypes: Publication type
• coverDate: Cover (publication) date
• peerReviewed: Peer review status
• source: Journal title
• subjects: Subjects by journal or database
• isiType: Publication type
• doids: Digital Object Identifiers
• isbns: International Standard Book Numbers
• issns: International Standard Serial Numbers
• publisherLocations: Publisher location
• identifiers: Identifiers (other)
• isOpenAccess: Open access status
• bookEdition: Book edition number
• language: Language
• publisher: Name of publisher
• pageEnd: Starting page
• pageStart: Ending page
• pageCount: Number of pages
• volume: Volume
• issue: Issue
• doi: Digital Object Identifier
• notes: Notes (user added)
• mid: Media identifier
• degreeLevel: Degree level (dissertation)
• plink: Persistent link

File: PROQ_01-14-2025.csv

• Title: Article title
• Subtitle: Subtitle
• Author: Author list
• Publication: Publication title
• SourceType: Source (publication) type
• Publisher: Name of publisher
• Volume: Volume
• Issue: Issue
• PubDate: Date published (all numeric)
• AlphaDate: Date published (expanded)
• StartPage: Starting page
• EndPage: Ending page
• PageRange: Page range
• ISSN: International Standard Serial Numbers
• EISSN: Electronic International Standard Serial Numbers
• ISBN: International Standard Book Numbers
• Language: Publication language
• Abstract: Full written abstract
• DocumentUrl: Document URL (via institution access)
• DOI: Digital Object Identifier

File: SCOPUS_02-14-2025.csv

• Authors: Author list
• Author full names: Full names of authors
• Author(s) ID: Scopus author ID
• Title: Article title
• Year: Year published
• Source title: Publication title
• Volume: Volume
• Issue: Issue
• Art. No.: Article number
• Page start: Starting page
• Page end: Ending page
• Page count: Number of pages
• Cited by: Number of times cited by Scopus
• DOI: Digital Object Identifier
• Link: Persistent link
• Abstract: Full written abstract
• Document Type: Document type / format
• Publication Stage: Publication status
• Open Access: Level of open access (via Scopus)
• Source: Database source
• EID: Electronic identifier

File: WOS_02-14-2025.csv

• Publication Type: Publication type / format
• Authors: Author list
• Book Authors: Book authors list
• Book Editors: Book editors list
• Book Group Authors: Book group (collective) authors list
• Author Full Names: Full names of authors
• Book Author Full Names: Full names of book authors
• Group Authors: Group (collective) authors
• Article Title: Article title
• Source Title: Publication title
• Book Series Title: Book series title
• Book Series Subtitle: Book series subtitle
• Language: Publication language
• Document Type: Document type / format
• Conference Title: Conference title
• Conference Date: Conference date
• Conference Location: Conference location
• Conference Sponsor: Conference Sponsor
• Conference Host: Conference Host
• Author Keywords: Author selected keywords
• Keywords Plus: Web of Science generated keywords
• Abstract: Full written abstract
• Addresses: Address (corresponding author)
• Affiliations: Affiliations of authors
• Reprint Addresses: Address (corresponding author)
• Email Addresses: Email addresses (corresponding author)
• Researcher Ids: Web of Science unique Researcher ID)
• ORCIDs: ORCIDs (corresponding author)
• Funding Orgs: Funding organizations
• Funding Name Preferred: Funding organizations (Standardized name)
• Funding Text: Funding details (raw acknowledgement details)
• Cited References: Cited references (listed)
• Cited Reference Count: Cited references (count)
• Times Cited, WoS Core: Time cited in Web of Science Core Collection
• Times Cited, All Databases: Time cited in all Web of Science databases
• 180 Day Usage Count: Times accessed in 180 days
• Since 2013 Usage Count: Times accessed since 2013
• Publisher: Name of publisher
• Publisher City: City of Publisher
• Publisher Address: Address of publisher
• ISSN: International Standard Serial Numbers
• eISSN: Electronic International Standard Serial Numbers
• ISBN: International Standard Book Numbers
• Journal Abbreviation: Journal Abbreviation
• Journal ISO Abbreviation: International Organization for Standardization Journal Abbreviation
• Publication Date: Date published
• Publication Year: Year published
• Volume: Volume
• Issue: Issue
• Part Number: Publication part (or issue) number
• Supplement: Supplement information
• Special Issue: Special Issue information
• Meeting Abstract: Full meeting abstract
• Start Page: Starting page
• End Page: Ending page
• Article Number: Article number
• DOI: Digital Object Identifier
• DOI Link: Digital Object Identifier Link
• Book DOI: Book Digital Object Identifier
• Early Access Date: Early access date
• Number of Pages: Number of pages
• WoS Categories: Web of Science categories
• Web of Science Index: Web of Science Index identifier
• Research Areas: Web of Science indicated research areas
• IDS Number: Internal database identifier
• PubMed Id: PubMed ID
• Open Access Designations: Level of open access (via Web of Science)
• Highly Cited Status: Top 1% of cited papers on Web of Science
• Hot Paper Status: "Hot Paper" as determined by Essential Science Indicator
• Date of Export: Export date
• UT (Unique WOS ID): Unique Web of Science record ID
• Web of Science Record: Link to full Web of Science record

Folder: \output

File: ADSPA_count.by.country.csv

• Country: Name of the country
• Count: Count of literature citations by country
• Parks: Number of ADSPA protected areas in the country

File: ADSPA_literature.count.csv

• Name: Name of protected area
• Count: Count of literature citations by protected area
• ID: Rank order ID of parks

File: ADSPA_parks.merged.export.csv

• Name: Name of protected area
• Country: Name of the country
• Longitude: Center point longitude of protected area
• Latitude: Center point latitude of protected area
• Count: Count of literature citations by protected area

Folder: \search_strategy

File: ADSPA_LITERATURE_SEARCH_search_log_by_database.xls

This Excel file has four sheets - one for each of the four databases (EBSCO,
PROQUEST, SCOPUS, and WOS). The first (EBSCO) is shown here, but all are of the
same format.

• Search #: Number of search
• "Search string for EBSCO Environmental Complete NOTE: In each database instance, Title OR Abstract were searched. Limits included academic / scholarly journals and citations through December 31, 2024": List of search terms for the database
• Results: Number of citations produced

Zip file: ADSPA_POLYGON_BOUNDARIES.zip

Spatial protected area boundaries from the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) were intersected the savanna biome layer from Beale et al. (2018) and sites classified by co-authors as "savanna" were retained. Recent Google Earth images (circa 2020) of each protected area were inspected, and polygon boundaries were modified to exclude recent human encroachment or agriculture. The final product of these modifications are the spatial polygon boundaries for protected areas in the African Database of Savanna Protected Areas (ADSPA). These polygons were used to extract environmental data from a 5 km grid within each protected area to create a dataset of all the 5 km data within a protected area (ADSPAD_ALL.csv) and a single average value for each protected area (ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv). The ADSPA_POLYGONS.shp and these datasets are linked by unique identifiers (ID, Name, and Code). Also included in the polygon layer are elephant density data sourced from AfricaElephantDatabase.org from reports produced in 1995, 1998, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016.

ADSPA_POLYGONS.shp

Shapefile of spatial polygons and elephant density data for the 244 sites included in the African Database of Savanna Protected Areas (ADSPA).

• Code: unique four letter code for each protected area in ADSPA
• Region: approximated regional affiliations grouped broadly into "West", "East" , or "South" Africa.
• Country: name of African country in which the park is located
• Name: unique full name for each protected area in ADSPA
• DenAll: elephant density averaged across all census years (this is the variable ELEP from "ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv")
• NAll: total number of available studies/records across all census years
• Den2000: elephant density averaged across census years post 2000 (2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016)
• N2000: total number of available studies/records post 2000 (2002, 2007, 2013, and 2016)
• geometry: geospatial data for drawing polygon boundaries

ADSPA_POLYGONS_metadata.txt

A text metadata file explaining the WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and HOW for the ADSPA spatial polygon layer and providing details for each of the data columns in the shapefile database.

Zip file: ADSPA_RAW_DATA_FILES.zip

Included are the core data files of the African Database of Savanna Protected Areas (ADSPA). The data are provided at two spatial scales: either one average value per protected area (i.e., each row is one protected area) in the file 'ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv' or values provided for each 5 x 5 km grid cell within each protected area in the file 'ADSPA_ALL.csv'. Each spatial datafile also is associated with a metadata file (either 'ADSPA_AVERAGE_metadata.txt or 'ADSPA_ALL_metadata.txt').

File: ADSPA_ALL.csv

• ID: unique numerical identifier of protected area
• ID.PIX: unique numerical identifier of each 5 km2 pixel within protected area
• Name: name of protected area
• Code: four-letter unique code for protected area
• Country: country of protected area
• X: longitude (UTM meters)
• Y: latitude (UTM meters)
• MAP: mean annual precipitation (mm yr-1)
• MAT: mean annual temperature (oC)
• SEAS: seasonality (coefficient of variation in monthly rainfall)
• ETo: reference evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
• BDEN: soil bulk density (kg dm-3)
• ORGC: soil organic carbon (g kg-1)
• SAND: sand (%)
• DEM: elevation (m)
• WET
• FIRE RAD: fire radiative power
• FIRE FREQ: fire frequency
• ELEP: elephant density all years (N km-2)
• ELEP N: count of number of available studies/records across all census years
• ELEP 2000: elephant density since 2000 (N km-2)
• ELEP N2000: count of number of available studies/records since 2000
• TC: tree cover (%)

File: ADSPA_ALL_metadata.txt

A text metadata file explaining the WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and HOW for the
ADSPA_ALL.csv file. In addition this text file provides details for each of
the data columns in the .csv file.

File: ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv

• ID: unique numerical identifier of protected area
• Name: name of protected area
• Code: four-letter unique code for protected area
• Country: country of protected area
• Citations: number of protected area citations from literature search
• X: longitude (UTM meters)
• Y: latitude (UTM meters)
• MAP: mean annual precipitation (mm yr-1)
• MAT: mean annual temperature (oC)
• SEAS: seasonality (coefficient of variation in monthly rainfall)
• ETo: reference evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
• BDEN: soil bulk density (kg dm-3)
• ORGC: soil organic carbon (g kg-1)
• SAND: sand (%)
• DEM: elevation (m)
• TOPO: coefficient of variation in elevation from a DEM
• WET: average area of wetland per pixel (ha)
• FIRE RAD: fire radiative power
• FIRE FREQ: fire frequency
• ELEP: elephant density (N km-2)
• TC: tree cover (%)
• Cluster: cluster number from cluster analysis (1 - 5)

File: ADSPA_AVERAGE_metadata.txt

A text metadata file explaining the WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and HOW for the ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv file. In addition this text file provides details for each of the data columns in the .csv file.

File: All.parks.data.09SEP2024.csv

• ID: unique numerical identifier of protected area
• ID.PIX: unique numerical identifier of of each 5 km2 pixel within the protected area
• Name: name of protected area
• Code: four-letter unique code for protected area
• Country: country of protected area
• X: center longitude of each pixel (in UTM meters)
• Y: center latitude of each pixel (in UTM meters)
• MAP: mean annual precipitation (mm yr-1)
• MAT: mean annual temperature (oC)
• SEAS: seasonality (coefficient of variation in monthly rainfall)
• ETo: reference evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
• BDEN: soil bulk density (kg dm-3)
• ORGC: soil organic carbon (g kg-1)
• SAND: sand (%)
• DEM: elevation (m)
• WET
• FIRE RAD: fire radiative power
• FIRE FREQ: fire frequency
• ELEP: elephant density (N km-2)
• ELEP N: count of number of available studies/records across all census years
• ELEP 2000: elephant density since 2000 (N km-2)
• ELEP N2000: count of number of available studies/records since 2000
• TC: tree cover (%)

Zip file: ADSPA_RESULTS_FIGURES_TABLES.zip

R script (ADSPA_results_figures_and_tables.R) and all associated data files that are required to conduct all analyses and produce all figures in the main manuscript and in the Supporting Information. The ‘Africa’ folder contains a shape file of the African continent to make spatial maps. The ‘data’ folder contains all the raw data required to conduct all analyses, including the ADSPA data at the scale of each park (ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv) and 5 x 5 km grid cells within each park (ADSPA_ALL.csv). The ‘figures’ folder is where figures produced by the R file are written and stored. The ‘maps’ folder houses a digital elevation model of Africa and the political boundaries of countries for overlaying on the map of Africa. The ‘pix’ folder contains the results of the within-ecosystem cluster analysis for mapping variation within ecosystems. The ‘tables’ folder is where tables produced by the R file are written and stored. The ‘veg_map’ folder includes the savanna vegetation/biome map used to identify sites included in ADSPA and for extracting environmental variables that are compared to the ADSPA sites.

Folder: \Africa
Shapefile of spatial Africa for visualizing location of the 244 sites included in the African Database of Savanna Protected Areas (ADSPA).

File: Africa.shp

Folder: \data

File: ADSPA_ALL.csv
File: ADSPA_AVERAGE.csv
File: ADSPA_consumer.data.csv
File: ADSPA_count.by.country.csv
File: ADSPA_literature.count.csv
File: ADSPA_mapdat.csv
File: ADSPA_savanna.biome.data.csv

Folder: \figures
This folder contains all graphical results and figures included in the
manuscript as .png files.

Folder: \maps
This folder contains two maps used in the analysis: a digital elevation model
for Africa (Africa_elevation.tif) and a spatial data file in RDS format
containing country boundary information from version 3.6 of the Global
Administrative Areas (GADM) database (gadm36_adm0_r5_pk.rds), generated with the
geodata package.

Folder: \maps\elevation

File Africa_elevation.tif

Folder: \maps\gadam

File gadm36_adm0_r5_pk.rds

Folder: \pix
This folder contains the results of the within-park cluster analysis for six of
the seven well-studied research areas identified in Figure 1C including the four
parks depicted in Figure S3 in .csv format.

File: Abokouamekro.pix.csv
File: Amboseli.pix.csv
File: Hluhluwe-iMfolozi.pix.csv
File: Kruger National Park.pix.csv
File: Okavango.pix.csv
File: Serengeti.pix.csv

Folder: \tables
This folder contains tables S1 and S2 from the supporting information file.

File: TABLE.S1.csv
File: TABLE.S2.csv

Folder: \veg_map

File: Savanna_50percent_300mm_dissolve.shp

Shapefile depicting the savanna area boundary as defined by the following source:

Beale, C.M., Courtney Mustaphi, C.J., Morrison, T.A., Archibald, S., Anderson, T.M., Dobson, A.P., Donaldson, J.E., Hempson, G.P., Probert, J. and Parr, C.L., 2018. Pyrodiversity interacts with rainfall to increase bird and mammal richness in African savannas. Ecology Letters, 21(4), pp.557-567.

Code/software

The open software R is required to run the analyses. The following three R scripts are included to run the literature search and to execute all analyses:

'ADSPA_database_search.R' - this script does post processing on the database literature search and remove duplicates among the different literature search databases.

'ADSPA_results_figures_and_tables.R' - this script makes all figures and tables provided in the results of the manuscript.

'ADSPA_cluster analysis and structural equation models.R' - this script executes the cluster analysis, and then runs the structural equation modelling analysis on the results from the cluster analysis.

The version information from the R session (obtained with the 'version' command in R) used to create and run these analyses is:

• platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32
• arch: x86_64
• os: mingw32
• crt: ucrt
• system: x86_64, mingw32
• status
• major: 4
• minor: 5.1
• year: 2025
• month: 06
• day: 13
• svn rev: 88306
• language: R
• version.string: R version 4.5.1 (2025-06-13 ucrt)
• nickname: Great Square Root

Access information

Other publicly accessible locations of the data:

• The Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/xfcb7/)

Data was derived from the following sources:

• World Database on Protected Areas
• WorldClim - version 2.1 (Fick and Hijmans 2017)
• Global Reference Evapotranspiration (Zomer et al. 2022)
• World Soil Information website (ISRIC; Hengl et al. 2015)
• Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (Lehner et al. 2024)
• Hydrologic Derivatives for Modelling and Analysis database (Verdin 2017)
• Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS)
• % woody cover (TREE COVER) at 1 km resolution (Hanan et al. 2020
• AfricanElephantDatabase.org