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Code and data from: No evidence for squaring the survival curve; lifespan-extending treatments increase variation in age-at-death

Fulton, Tahlia L1; Macartney, Erin L123; Senior, Alistair M1

Published Jan 22, 2026 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dv41ns2c6

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Jan 22, 2026 version files 92.39 MB

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Abstract

Geroscience has the goal of extending lifespan through geroprotective interventions. These interventions are typically imparted on groups, with their efficacy judged by increases in the average age-at-death. A more equitable outcome, which looks beyond the average, is to attain a long life for all individuals, such that the average age-at-death is high while variability is low. This goal of increasing the mean while reducing variation is sometimes referred to as “squaring the survival curve”. A recent meta-analysis of vertebrate data found that dietary restriction (DR) and the DR-mimetic, rapamycin, generally increase the average age-at-death, while metformin (also considered a DR-mimetic) is less effective. We have re-analysed this recently published data to study the effects of lifespan-extending treatments on variation in the age-at-death. On average, all three treatments increase the variance in the age-at-death, but not the coefficient of variation (i.e., standard-deviation relative to the mean). This suggests that lifespan-extending treatments do not reduce variance and “square the survival curve”. Rather, any gains in mean age-at-death are matched by corresponding increases in variation. Interestingly, this result is consistent with the treatments proportionally reducing both the age-dependent and age-independent parameters in a Gompertz-model of mortality.