Data from: Barotropic instability during eyewall replacement
Data files
Sep 07, 2023 version files 49.96 GB
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README.md
37.36 KB
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SlocumEA2023_LSA5Region.tar.gz
7.11 MB
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SlocumEA2023_NDBMoutput_vortexA.tar.gz
16.71 GB
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SlocumEA2023_NDBMoutput_vortexB.tar.gz
16.63 GB
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SlocumEA2023_NDBMoutput_vortexC.tar.gz
16.62 GB
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SlocumEA2023_NEXRAD.tar.gz
5.28 MB
Abstract
Prior to landfall in Puerto Rico, Hurricane Maria (2017) underwent an eyewall replacement cycle. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) San Juan (TJUA) radar captured a robust outer convective ring with an inner ring first distorted into an ellipse and then disintegrated. To understand the dynamical processes during eyewall replacement, this work interprets the eyewall replacement event using the non-divergent barotopic model with a linear stability analysis and non-linear numerical simulations. For the linear stability analysis, the model’s axisymmetric basic state vorticity distribution is piece-wise uniform in five regions: eye, inner eyewall, moat, outer eyewall, and far field. The stability of such structures is investigated by solving a simple eigenvalue/eigenvector problem. For the non-linear model, the evolution into a more stable structure is simulated using the non-linear barotropic model. Three types of instability and vorticity rearrangement are identified: (1) instability across the outer ring of enhanced vorticity, (2) instability across the low vorticity moat, and (3) instability across the inner ring of enhanced vorticity. This dataset includes (1) a loop of the NOAA TJUA radar during the landfall of Hurricane Maria (2017) in GIF format to show the convective evolution, (2) the output from the five-region linear stability analysis in NetCDF format, and (3) the output from the non-divergent barotropic model in NetCDF format and GIF format to show the vortex evolution. These data are provided without restrictions for further exploration into understanding barotropic instability during eyewall replacement.
The following dataset includes results and animations from the manuscript
"Barotropic Instability During Eyewall Replacement" by C. Slocum, R. K. Taft,
J. P. Kossin, and W. H. Schubert submitted to MDPI Meteorology,
https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2178224.
The work is motivated by the elliptically-distorted inner eyewall of Hurricane
Maria (2017) that was visible in the San Juan, Puerto Rico radar during a period
of concentric eyewalls. The work presents a simple interpretation of this event
in terms of the nondivergent barotropic model using both a linear stability
analysis and numerical simulations.
There are three components to this dataset:
- Loop of the NOAA NEXRAD TJUA radar during the landfall of Hurricane Maria (2017)
- Output from the five-region linear stability analysis
- Output from the nondivergent barotropic model
NOAA NEXRAD TJUA radar
A loop from the NOAA NEXRAD TJUA radar centered on the position of Hurricane
Maria (2017). The radar reflectivity (dBz) imagery includes every base scan
starting at 05:42:01 UTC and ending at 09:50:00 UTC on 20 September 2017.
Five-region linear stability analysis
Nondivergent barotropic model linear stability analysis results for a
two-dimensional family of vortices, each having an axisymmetric basic state
vorticity with a five-region piecewise uniform distribution. These results are
for understanding which azimuthal wavenumber(s) will become unstable for each
vortex in the family.
Nondivergent barotropic model
Output from a finite difference nondivergent barotropic model for tropical
cyclones that uses high-order accurate discretization and MUDPACK. These
results are for three specific vortices in which instability develops in the
inner-eyewall region (Vortex B), in the outer-eyewall region (Vortex C), or
across the moat between the two eyewalls (Vortex A).
Description of the data and file structure
The LSA5Region and NDBMoutput contain output from the manuscript in
UCAR Unidata netCDF
format with the .nc extension. For each netCDF file, there is a corresponding
ASCII text file with the .txt extension that contains output from the UCAR Unidata
ncdump utility
with definitions of all variables, abbreviations, missing data codes, and units.
Animations from the NEXRAD and model simulations are in animated GIF format,
which has been generated using the ImageMagick convert utility.
Summary Metrics
- File count: 13
- Total file size: 47 GB
- File formats: .gif, .nc, .txt, .md
.
LSA5Region
LSA5Region_v01r00_r1_07p5-r2_12p5-dr34_10p0-gamma_0p20-alpha_0p50-vref_20p00-rref_0100.nc
LSA5Region_v01r00_r1_07p5-r2_12p5-dr34_10p0-gamma_0p20-alpha_0p50-vref_20p00-rref_0100.txt
NDBMoutput
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexA.gif
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexA.nc
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexA.txt
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexB.gif
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexB.nc
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexB.txt
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexC.gif
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexC.nc
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexC.txt
NEXRAD
NEXRAD_TJUA_s20170920050402_e20170920095000.gif
README.md
Details for: Five-region linear stability analysis
The file structure and description for the five-region model analysis is
generated from the ncdump utility
and is also provided in LSA5Region_v01r00_r1_07p5-r2_12p5-dr34_10p0-gamma_0p20-alpha_0p50-vref_20p00-rref_0100.txt.
dimensions:
azimuthal_wavenumbers = 11 ;
v2 = 1001 ;
dr23 = 1001 ;
variables:
byte azimuthal_wavenumbers(azimuthal_wavenumbers) ;
azimuthal_wavenumbers:long_name = "azimuthal wavenumbers" ;
azimuthal_wavenumbers:valid_range = 2b, 12b ;
azimuthal_wavenumbers:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float v2(v2) ;
v2:long_name = "basic state tangential wind v2 at radius r2" ;
v2:units = "m s-1" ;
v2:valid_range = 15.f, 75.f ;
v2:ancillary_variables = "r2" ;
v2:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float dr23(dr23) ;
dr23:long_name = "width of the moat region as defined by the radial difference r3 - r2" ;
dr23:units = "m" ;
dr23:valid_range = 5000.f, 75000.f ;
dr23:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
string case_name ;
case_name:long_name = "case name for a specific set of parameters" ;
case_name:coverage_content_type = "auxiliaryInformation" ;
float rref ;
rref:long_name = "reference radius" ;
rref:units = "m" ;
rref:valid_range = 0.f, 100000.f ;
rref:coverage_content_type = "referenceInformation" ;
rref:missing_value = -999999.f ;
rref:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
float vref ;
vref:long_name = "basic state tangential wind vref at the reference radius rref" ;
vref:units = "m s-1" ;
vref:valid_range = 15.f, 75.f ;
vref:coverage_content_type = "referenceInformation" ;
vref:missing_value = -999999.f ;
vref:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
float r1 ;
r1:long_name = "radius r1; the outer edge of the core region" ;
r1:units = "m" ;
r1:valid_range = 0.f, 100000.f ;
r1:coverage_content_type = "referenceInformation" ;
r1:missing_value = -999999.f ;
r1:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
float r2 ;
r2:long_name = "radius r2; the outer edge of the inner ring region" ;
r2:units = "m" ;
r2:valid_range = 0.f, 100000.f ;
r2:coverage_content_type = "referenceInformation" ;
r2:missing_value = -999999.f ;
r2:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
float dr34 ;
dr34:long_name = "width of the outer ring as defined by the radial difference r4 - r3" ;
dr34:units = "m" ;
dr34:valid_range = 0.f, 100000.f ;
dr34:coverage_content_type = "referenceInformation" ;
dr34:missing_value = -999999.f ;
dr34:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
float alpha ;
alpha:long_name = "vorticity in the core (r=0 to r1) as a fraction of the inner-ring region (r1 to r2) vorticity" ;
alpha:units = "1" ;
alpha:valid_range = 0.f, 1.f ;
alpha:coverage_content_type = "referenceInformation" ;
alpha:missing_value = -999999.f ;
alpha:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
float gamma ;
gamma:long_name = "vorticity in the moat (r2 to r3) as a fraction of the outer-ring region (r3 to r4) vorticity" ;
gamma:units = "1" ;
gamma:valid_range = 0.f, 1.f ;
gamma:coverage_content_type = "referenceInformation" ;
gamma:missing_value = -999999.f ;
gamma:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
float growth_rate(azimuthal_wavenumbers, v2, dr23) ;
growth_rate:long_name = "growth rate for each azimuthal wavenumber and each vortex in the two-dimensional family of vortices" ;
growth_rate:units = "s-1" ;
growth_rate:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
growth_rate:missing_value = -999999.f ;
growth_rate:_FillValue = -999999.f ;
// global attributes:
:title = "Five region model linear stability analysis" ;
:summary = "Results for a two-dimensional family of vortices from a nondivergent barotropic model linear stability analysis conducted using the axisymmetric basic state vorticity with a five-region piecewise uniform distribution." ;
:product_version = "v01r00" ;
:acknowledgment = "This research was funded by the National Science Foundation under grant number AGS-1841326. The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA or the Department of Commerce." ;
:license = "Creative Commons Zero (CC0)" ;
:source = "linear_stability_analysis_five_region" ;
:Conventions = "CF-1.10, ACDD-1.3" ;
:standard_name_vocabulary = "CF Standard Name Table v79" ;
:keywords = "EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > WEATHER EVENTS > TROPICAL CYCLONES" ;
:keywords_vocabulary = "GCDM:GCMD Keywords" ;
:institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR/RAMMB > RAMMB, Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:naming_authority = "gov.noaa.nesdis.star" ;
:creator_name = "Chris Slocum" ;
:creator_email = "Christopher.Slocum@noaa.gov" ;
:creator_url = "https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/Slocum_C.php" ;
:creator_type = "person" ;
:creator_institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR/RAMMB > RAMMB, Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:creator_country = "USA" ;
:creator_sector = "gov_federal" ;
:contributor_name = "Wayne Schubert\n Rick Taft\n COLOSTATE/ATMOS > Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University" ;
:contributor_role = "collaborator" ;
:contributor_url = "http://schubert.atmos.colostate.edu/" ;
:project = "Schubert Research Group" ;
:cdm_data_type = "Grid" ;
:featureType = "grid" ;
:processing_level = "Level 4" ;
:date_issued = "2021-12-02T21:00:00.000Z" ;
:date_metadata_modified = "2022-12-03T16:00:00.000Z" ;
:references = "Slocum, C. J., R. K. Taft, J. P. Kossin, and W. H. Schubert, 2023: Barotropic instability during eyewall replacement. Meteorology, 2, Submitted. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2178224." ;
:id = "LSA5Region_v01r00_r1_07p5-r2_12p5-dr34_10p0-gamma_0p20-alpha_0p50-vref_20p00-rref_0100.nc" ;
:history = "Created 2023-02-06T03:46:20.221Z" ;
:date_created = "2023-02-06T03:46:20.221Z" ;
:date_modified = "2023-02-06T03:46:20.221Z" ;
Details for: Nondivergent barotropic model
The file structure and description for the nondivergent barotropic model is
generated from the ncdump utility
and is also provided in
NDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexA.txtNDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexB.txtNDBM_v02r00_barotropic_model_vortexC.txt
Vortex A
dimensions:
grid_x = 2049 ;
grid_y = 2049 ;
time = UNLIMITED ; // (289 currently)
variables:
int maxcy ;
maxcy:long_name = "MUDPACK: maximum number of cycles" ;
maxcy:ancillary_variables = "method kcycle iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
maxcy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int method ;
method:long_name = "MUDPACK: relaxation step method" ;
method:ancillary_variables = "maxcy kcycle iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
method:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int kcycle ;
kcycle:long_name = "MUDPACK: cycle type" ;
kcycle:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
kcycle:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int iprer ;
iprer:long_name = "MUDPACK: number of pre-relaxation sweeps" ;
iprer:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle ipost intpol tolmax" ;
iprer:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int ipost ;
ipost:long_name = "MUDPACK: number of post-relaxation sweeps" ;
ipost:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer intpol tolmax" ;
ipost:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int intpol ;
intpol:long_name = "MUDPACK: interpolation technique" ;
intpol:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer ipost tolmax" ;
intpol:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float tolmax ;
tolmax:long_name = "MUDPACK: tolerance threshold" ;
tolmax:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer ipost intpol" ;
tolmax:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int coarse_factor ;
coarse_factor:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
coarse_factor:long_name = "MUDPACK: factor for the coarsest grid" ;
coarse_factor:ancillary_variables = "exponential grid_points" ;
int exponential ;
exponential:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
exponential:long_name = "MUDPACK: power used for determining the number of grid points" ;
exponential:ancillary_variables = "coarse_factor grid_points" ;
int grid_points ;
grid_points:ancillary_variables = "coarse_factor exponential" ;
grid_points:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
grid_points:long_name = "MUDPACK: total number of grid points both in x and in y" ;
float grid_spacing ;
grid_spacing:units = "m" ;
grid_spacing:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
grid_spacing:long_name = "spacing between grid points both in x and in y" ;
int total_steps ;
total_steps:long_name = "total number of time steps" ;
total_steps:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float time_step ;
time_step:long_name = "time step" ;
time_step:units = "s" ;
time_step:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float diffusion ;
diffusion:long_name = "diffusion coefficient; kinematic viscosity" ;
diffusion:units = "m2 s-1" ;
diffusion:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float rayleigh ;
rayleigh:long_name = "coefficient of Rayleigh friction" ;
rayleigh:units = "s-1" ;
rayleigh:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float coriolis ;
coriolis:long_name = "constant Coriolis parameter" ;
coriolis:standard_name = "coriolis_parameter" ;
coriolis:units = "s-1" ;
coriolis:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float density ;
density:long_name = "density" ;
density:standard_name = "air_density" ;
density:units = "kg m-3" ;
density:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float time(time) ;
time:long_name = "time since start of the simulation" ;
time:standard_name = "time" ;
time:units = "s" ;
time:axis = "T" ;
time:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float grid_y(grid_y) ;
grid_y:long_name = "y distance" ;
grid_y:standard_name = "projection_y_coordinate" ;
grid_y:units = "m" ;
grid_y:axis = "Y" ;
grid_y:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float grid_x(grid_x) ;
grid_x:long_name = "x distance" ;
grid_x:standard_name = "projection_x_coordinate" ;
grid_x:units = "m" ;
grid_x:axis = "X" ;
grid_x:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float courant(time) ;
courant:long_name = "Courant number for the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition" ;
courant:units = "1" ;
courant:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float kinetic_energy(time) ;
kinetic_energy:long_name = "area-integrated kinetic energy" ;
kinetic_energy:standard_name = "atmosphere_kinetic_energy_content" ;
kinetic_energy:units = "J m-2" ;
kinetic_energy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float enstrophy(time) ;
enstrophy:long_name = "domain enstrophy" ;
enstrophy:units = "m2 s-2" ;
enstrophy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float palinstrophy(time) ;
palinstrophy:long_name = "domain palinstrophy" ;
palinstrophy:units = "s-2" ;
palinstrophy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float circulation(time) ;
circulation:long_name = "domain circulation" ;
circulation:units = "m2 s-1" ;
circulation:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float vorticity(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
vorticity:standard_name = "atmosphere_relative_vorticity" ;
vorticity:long_name = "vorticity" ;
vorticity:units = "s-1" ;
vorticity:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float streamfunction(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
streamfunction:standard_name = "atmosphere_horizontal_streamfunction" ;
streamfunction:long_name = "stream function" ;
streamfunction:units = "m2 s-1" ;
streamfunction:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float uwind(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
uwind:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ;
uwind:long_name = "u-component of the wind" ;
uwind:units = "m s-1" ;
uwind:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float vwind(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
vwind:standard_name = "northward_wind" ;
vwind:long_name = "v-component of the wind" ;
vwind:units = "m s-1" ;
vwind:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float pressure(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
pressure:standard_name = "difference_of_air_pressure_from_model_reference" ;
pressure:long_name = "Pressure field deviation from the surrounding environment" ;
pressure:units = "Pa" ;
pressure:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float q_field(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
q_field:units = "s-2" ;
q_field:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
q_field:long_name = "Q field = psi^2_xy - psi_xx * psi_yy" ;
q_field:comment = "Particles regions with Q < 0 (motion is elliptic) will not separate exponentially in time; regions with Q > 0 (motion is hyperbolic) are turbulent and vorticity gradients grow exponentially; Q^-1/2 is defined as the filamentation time." ;
// global attributes:
:title = "Nondivergent barotropic model output" ;
:summary = "Finite difference nondivergent barotropic model for tropical cyclones that uses high-order accurate discretization and MUDPACK." ;
:keywords = "EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > WEATHER EVENTS > TROPICAL CYCLONES" ;
:keywords_vocabulary = "GCMD:GCMD Keywords" ;
:Conventions = "CF-1.10, ACDD-1.3" ;
:id = "barotropic_model_vortexA.nc" ;
:naming_authority = "gov.noaa.nesdis.star" ;
:history = "Created 2023-01-02T21:40:19Z" ;
:source = "Output from NDBMv2" ;
:processing_level = "Level 4" ;
:comment = "" ;
:license = "Creative Commons Zero (CC0)" ;
:standard_name_vocabulary = "CF Standard Name Table v79" ;
:creator_name = "Chris Slocum" ;
:creator_email = "Christopher.Slocum@noaa.gov" ;
:creator_url = "https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/Slocum_C.php" ;
:creator_type = "person" ;
:creator_institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR > Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:creator_country = "USA" ;
:creator_sector = "gov_federal" ;
:institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR > Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:project = "Schubert Research Group" ;
:product_version = "2.0.0" ;
:cdm_data_type = "Grid" ;
:featureType = "grid" ;
:date_created = "2023-01-02T21:40:19Z" ;
:date_issued = "2023-01-02T21:40:19Z" ;
:date_metadata_modified = "2023-01-02T21:40:19Z" ;
:experiment_name = "barotropic_model_vortexA" ;
:jacobian_discretization = "Fourth-order Arakawa Jacobian" ;
:laplacian_discretization = "Nine-point stencil Laplacian" ;
:temporal_discretization = "Fourth-order Runge-Kutta method" ;
:omp_num_threads = 54 ;
:acknowledgment = "Supported by the National Science Foundation under grant AGS-1841326 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA or the Department of Commerce." ;
:MUDPACK_version = "5.0.1" ;
:references = "Slocum, C. J., R. K. Taft, J. P. Kossin, and W. H. Schubert, 2023: Barotropic instability during eyewall replacement. Meteorology, 2, Submitted. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2178224." ;
Vortex B
dimensions:
grid_x = 2049 ;
grid_y = 2049 ;
time = UNLIMITED ; // (289 currently)
variables:
int maxcy ;
maxcy:long_name = "MUDPACK: maximum number of cycles" ;
maxcy:ancillary_variables = "method kcycle iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
maxcy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int method ;
method:long_name = "MUDPACK: relaxation step method" ;
method:ancillary_variables = "maxcy kcycle iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
method:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int kcycle ;
kcycle:long_name = "MUDPACK: cycle type" ;
kcycle:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
kcycle:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int iprer ;
iprer:long_name = "MUDPACK: number of pre-relaxation sweeps" ;
iprer:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle ipost intpol tolmax" ;
iprer:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int ipost ;
ipost:long_name = "MUDPACK: number of post-relaxation sweeps" ;
ipost:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer intpol tolmax" ;
ipost:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int intpol ;
intpol:long_name = "MUDPACK: interpolation technique" ;
intpol:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer ipost tolmax" ;
intpol:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float tolmax ;
tolmax:long_name = "MUDPACK: tolerance threshold" ;
tolmax:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer ipost intpol" ;
tolmax:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int coarse_factor ;
coarse_factor:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
coarse_factor:long_name = "MUDPACK: factor for the coarsest grid" ;
coarse_factor:ancillary_variables = "exponential grid_points" ;
int exponential ;
exponential:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
exponential:long_name = "MUDPACK: power used for determining the number of grid points" ;
exponential:ancillary_variables = "coarse_factor grid_points" ;
int grid_points ;
grid_points:ancillary_variables = "coarse_factor exponential" ;
grid_points:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
grid_points:long_name = "MUDPACK: total number of grid points both in x and in y" ;
float grid_spacing ;
grid_spacing:units = "m" ;
grid_spacing:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
grid_spacing:long_name = "spacing between grid points both in x and in y" ;
int total_steps ;
total_steps:long_name = "total number of time steps" ;
total_steps:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float time_step ;
time_step:long_name = "time step" ;
time_step:units = "s" ;
time_step:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float diffusion ;
diffusion:long_name = "diffusion coefficient; kinematic viscosity" ;
diffusion:units = "m2 s-1" ;
diffusion:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float rayleigh ;
rayleigh:long_name = "coefficient of Rayleigh friction" ;
rayleigh:units = "s-1" ;
rayleigh:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float coriolis ;
coriolis:long_name = "constant Coriolis parameter" ;
coriolis:standard_name = "coriolis_parameter" ;
coriolis:units = "s-1" ;
coriolis:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float density ;
density:long_name = "density" ;
density:standard_name = "air_density" ;
density:units = "kg m-3" ;
density:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float time(time) ;
time:long_name = "time since start of the simulation" ;
time:standard_name = "time" ;
time:units = "s" ;
time:axis = "T" ;
time:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float grid_y(grid_y) ;
grid_y:long_name = "y distance" ;
grid_y:standard_name = "projection_y_coordinate" ;
grid_y:units = "m" ;
grid_y:axis = "Y" ;
grid_y:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float grid_x(grid_x) ;
grid_x:long_name = "x distance" ;
grid_x:standard_name = "projection_x_coordinate" ;
grid_x:units = "m" ;
grid_x:axis = "X" ;
grid_x:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float courant(time) ;
courant:long_name = "Courant number for the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition" ;
courant:units = "1" ;
courant:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float kinetic_energy(time) ;
kinetic_energy:long_name = "area-integrated kinetic energy" ;
kinetic_energy:standard_name = "atmosphere_kinetic_energy_content" ;
kinetic_energy:units = "J m-2" ;
kinetic_energy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float enstrophy(time) ;
enstrophy:long_name = "domain enstrophy" ;
enstrophy:units = "m2 s-2" ;
enstrophy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float palinstrophy(time) ;
palinstrophy:long_name = "domain palinstrophy" ;
palinstrophy:units = "s-2" ;
palinstrophy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float circulation(time) ;
circulation:long_name = "domain circulation" ;
circulation:units = "m2 s-1" ;
circulation:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float vorticity(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
vorticity:standard_name = "atmosphere_relative_vorticity" ;
vorticity:long_name = "vorticity" ;
vorticity:units = "s-1" ;
vorticity:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float streamfunction(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
streamfunction:standard_name = "atmosphere_horizontal_streamfunction" ;
streamfunction:long_name = "stream function" ;
streamfunction:units = "m2 s-1" ;
streamfunction:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float uwind(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
uwind:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ;
uwind:long_name = "u-component of the wind" ;
uwind:units = "m s-1" ;
uwind:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float vwind(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
vwind:standard_name = "northward_wind" ;
vwind:long_name = "v-component of the wind" ;
vwind:units = "m s-1" ;
vwind:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float pressure(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
pressure:standard_name = "difference_of_air_pressure_from_model_reference" ;
pressure:long_name = "Pressure field deviation from the surrounding environment" ;
pressure:units = "Pa" ;
pressure:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float q_field(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
q_field:units = "s-2" ;
q_field:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
q_field:long_name = "Q field = psi^2_xy - psi_xx * psi_yy" ;
q_field:comment = "Particles regions with Q < 0 (motion is elliptic) will not separate exponentially in time; regions with Q > 0 (motion is hyperbolic) are turbulent and vorticity gradients grow exponentially; Q^-1/2 is defined as the filamentation time." ;
// global attributes:
:title = "Nondivergent barotropic model output" ;
:summary = "Finite difference nondivergent barotropic model for tropical cyclones that uses high-order accurate discretization and MUDPACK." ;
:keywords = "EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > WEATHER EVENTS > TROPICAL CYCLONES" ;
:keywords_vocabulary = "GCMD:GCMD Keywords" ;
:Conventions = "CF-1.10, ACDD-1.3" ;
:id = "barotropic_model_vortexB.nc" ;
:naming_authority = "gov.noaa.nesdis.star" ;
:history = "Created 2023-01-02T21:41:52Z" ;
:source = "Output from NDBMv2" ;
:processing_level = "Level 4" ;
:comment = "" ;
:license = "Creative Commons Zero (CC0)" ;
:standard_name_vocabulary = "CF Standard Name Table v79" ;
:creator_name = "Chris Slocum" ;
:creator_email = "Christopher.Slocum@noaa.gov" ;
:creator_url = "https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/Slocum_C.php" ;
:creator_type = "person" ;
:creator_institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR > Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:creator_country = "USA" ;
:creator_sector = "gov_federal" ;
:institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR > Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:project = "Schubert Research Group" ;
:product_version = "2.0.0" ;
:cdm_data_type = "Grid" ;
:featureType = "grid" ;
:date_created = "2023-01-02T21:41:52Z" ;
:date_issued = "2023-01-02T21:41:52Z" ;
:date_metadata_modified = "2023-01-02T21:41:52Z" ;
:experiment_name = "barotropic_model_vortexB" ;
:jacobian_discretization = "Fourth-order Arakawa Jacobian" ;
:laplacian_discretization = "Nine-point stencil Laplacian" ;
:temporal_discretization = "Fourth-order Runge-Kutta method" ;
:omp_num_threads = 54 ;
:acknowledgment = "Supported by the National Science Foundation under grant AGS-1841326 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA or the Department of Commerce." ;
:MUDPACK_version = "5.0.1" ;
:references = "Slocum, C. J., R. K. Taft, J. P. Kossin, and W. H. Schubert, 2023: Barotropic instability during eyewall replacement. Meteorology, 2, Submitted. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2178224." ;
Vortex C
dimensions:
grid_x = 2049 ;
grid_y = 2049 ;
time = UNLIMITED ; // (289 currently)
variables:
int maxcy ;
maxcy:long_name = "MUDPACK: maximum number of cycles" ;
maxcy:ancillary_variables = "method kcycle iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
maxcy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int method ;
method:long_name = "MUDPACK: relaxation step method" ;
method:ancillary_variables = "maxcy kcycle iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
method:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int kcycle ;
kcycle:long_name = "MUDPACK: cycle type" ;
kcycle:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method iprer ipost intpol tolmax" ;
kcycle:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int iprer ;
iprer:long_name = "MUDPACK: number of pre-relaxation sweeps" ;
iprer:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle ipost intpol tolmax" ;
iprer:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int ipost ;
ipost:long_name = "MUDPACK: number of post-relaxation sweeps" ;
ipost:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer intpol tolmax" ;
ipost:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int intpol ;
intpol:long_name = "MUDPACK: interpolation technique" ;
intpol:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer ipost tolmax" ;
intpol:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float tolmax ;
tolmax:long_name = "MUDPACK: tolerance threshold" ;
tolmax:ancillary_variables = "maxcy method kcycle iprer ipost intpol" ;
tolmax:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
int coarse_factor ;
coarse_factor:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
coarse_factor:long_name = "MUDPACK: factor for the coarsest grid" ;
coarse_factor:ancillary_variables = "exponential grid_points" ;
int exponential ;
exponential:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
exponential:long_name = "MUDPACK: power used for determining the number of grid points" ;
exponential:ancillary_variables = "coarse_factor grid_points" ;
int grid_points ;
grid_points:ancillary_variables = "coarse_factor exponential" ;
grid_points:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
grid_points:long_name = "MUDPACK: total number of grid points both in x and in y" ;
float grid_spacing ;
grid_spacing:units = "m" ;
grid_spacing:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
grid_spacing:long_name = "spacing between grid points both in x and in y" ;
int total_steps ;
total_steps:long_name = "total number of time steps" ;
total_steps:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float time_step ;
time_step:long_name = "time step" ;
time_step:units = "s" ;
time_step:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float diffusion ;
diffusion:long_name = "diffusion coefficient; kinematic viscosity" ;
diffusion:units = "m2 s-1" ;
diffusion:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float rayleigh ;
rayleigh:long_name = "coefficient of Rayleigh friction" ;
rayleigh:units = "s-1" ;
rayleigh:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float coriolis ;
coriolis:long_name = "constant Coriolis parameter" ;
coriolis:standard_name = "coriolis_parameter" ;
coriolis:units = "s-1" ;
coriolis:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float density ;
density:long_name = "density" ;
density:standard_name = "air_density" ;
density:units = "kg m-3" ;
density:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float time(time) ;
time:long_name = "time since start of the simulation" ;
time:standard_name = "time" ;
time:units = "s" ;
time:axis = "T" ;
time:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float grid_y(grid_y) ;
grid_y:long_name = "y distance" ;
grid_y:standard_name = "projection_y_coordinate" ;
grid_y:units = "m" ;
grid_y:axis = "Y" ;
grid_y:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float grid_x(grid_x) ;
grid_x:long_name = "x distance" ;
grid_x:standard_name = "projection_x_coordinate" ;
grid_x:units = "m" ;
grid_x:axis = "X" ;
grid_x:coverage_content_type = "coordinate" ;
float courant(time) ;
courant:long_name = "Courant number for the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition" ;
courant:units = "1" ;
courant:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float kinetic_energy(time) ;
kinetic_energy:long_name = "area-integrated kinetic energy" ;
kinetic_energy:standard_name = "atmosphere_kinetic_energy_content" ;
kinetic_energy:units = "J m-2" ;
kinetic_energy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float enstrophy(time) ;
enstrophy:long_name = "domain enstrophy" ;
enstrophy:units = "m2 s-2" ;
enstrophy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float palinstrophy(time) ;
palinstrophy:long_name = "domain palinstrophy" ;
palinstrophy:units = "s-2" ;
palinstrophy:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float circulation(time) ;
circulation:long_name = "domain circulation" ;
circulation:units = "m2 s-1" ;
circulation:coverage_content_type = "auxillaryInformation" ;
float vorticity(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
vorticity:standard_name = "atmosphere_relative_vorticity" ;
vorticity:long_name = "vorticity" ;
vorticity:units = "s-1" ;
vorticity:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float streamfunction(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
streamfunction:standard_name = "atmosphere_horizontal_streamfunction" ;
streamfunction:long_name = "stream function" ;
streamfunction:units = "m2 s-1" ;
streamfunction:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float uwind(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
uwind:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ;
uwind:long_name = "u-component of the wind" ;
uwind:units = "m s-1" ;
uwind:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float vwind(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
vwind:standard_name = "northward_wind" ;
vwind:long_name = "v-component of the wind" ;
vwind:units = "m s-1" ;
vwind:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float pressure(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
pressure:standard_name = "difference_of_air_pressure_from_model_reference" ;
pressure:long_name = "Pressure field deviation from the surrounding environment" ;
pressure:units = "Pa" ;
pressure:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
float q_field(time, grid_y, grid_x) ;
q_field:units = "s-2" ;
q_field:coverage_content_type = "modelResult" ;
q_field:long_name = "Q field = psi^2_xy - psi_xx * psi_yy" ;
q_field:comment = "Particles regions with Q < 0 (motion is elliptic) will not separate exponentially in time; regions with Q > 0 (motion is hyperbolic) are turbulent and vorticity gradients grow exponentially; Q^-1/2 is defined as the filamentation time." ;
// global attributes:
:title = "Nondivergent barotropic model output" ;
:summary = "Finite difference nondivergent barotropic model for tropical cyclones that uses high-order accurate discretization and MUDPACK." ;
:keywords = "EARTH SCIENCE > ATMOSPHERE > WEATHER EVENTS > TROPICAL CYCLONES" ;
:keywords_vocabulary = "GCMD:GCMD Keywords" ;
:Conventions = "CF-1.10, ACDD-1.3" ;
:id = "barotropic_model_vortexC.nc" ;
:naming_authority = "gov.noaa.nesdis.star" ;
:history = "Created 2023-01-04T10:06:29Z" ;
:source = "Output from NDBMv2" ;
:processing_level = "Level 4" ;
:comment = "" ;
:license = "Creative Commons Zero (CC0)" ;
:standard_name_vocabulary = "CF Standard Name Table v79" ;
:creator_name = "Chris Slocum" ;
:creator_email = "Christopher.Slocum@noaa.gov" ;
:creator_url = "https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/Slocum_C.php" ;
:creator_type = "person" ;
:creator_institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR > Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:creator_country = "USA" ;
:creator_sector = "gov_federal" ;
:institution = "DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/STAR > Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce" ;
:project = "Schubert Research Group" ;
:product_version = "2.0.0" ;
:cdm_data_type = "Grid" ;
:featureType = "grid" ;
:date_created = "2023-01-04T10:06:29Z" ;
:date_issued = "2023-01-04T10:06:29Z" ;
:date_metadata_modified = "2023-01-04T10:06:29Z" ;
:experiment_name = "barotropic_model_vortexC" ;
:jacobian_discretization = "Fourth-order Arakawa Jacobian" ;
:laplacian_discretization = "Nine-point stencil Laplacian" ;
:temporal_discretization = "Fourth-order Runge-Kutta method" ;
:omp_num_threads = 54 ;
:acknowledgment = "Supported by the National Science Foundation under grant AGS-1841326 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The scientific results and conclusions, as well as any views or opinions expressed herein, are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of NOAA or the Department of Commerce." ;
:MUDPACK_version = "5.0.1" ;
:references = "Slocum, C. J., R. K. Taft, J. P. Kossin, and W. H. Schubert, 2023: Barotropic instability during eyewall replacement. Meteorology, 2, Submitted. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2178224." ;
Sharing/Access information
Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data:
- NOAA Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) Level 2 Base Product data for the WSR-88D in San Juan, Puerto Rico (TJUA) is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information at \url{https://doi.org/10.7289/V5W9574V}.
Data was derived from the following sources:
- Details for the five-region linear stability analysis and nondivergent barotropic model are discussed in \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2178224}.
Five-region linear stability analysis
Nondivergent barotropic model linear stability analysis results for a two-dimensional family of vortices, each having an axisymmetric basic state vorticity with a five-region piecewise uniform distribution. These results are for understanding which azimuthal wavenumber(s) will become unstable for each vortex in the family.
Nondivergent barotropic model
Output from a finite difference nondivergent barotropic model for tropical cyclones that uses high-order accurate discretization and MUDPACK. These results are for three specific vortices in which instability develops in the inner-eyewall region (Vortex B), in the outer-eyewall region (Vortex C), or across the moat between the two eyewalls (Vortex A).
NOAA NEXRAD TJUA radar
A loop from the NOAA NEXRAD TJUA radar centered on the position of Hurricane Maria (2017). The radar reflectivity (dBz) imagery includes every base scan starting at 05:42:01 UTC and ending at 09:50:00 UTC on 20 September 2017.
- Slocum, Christopher J.; Taft, Richard K.; Kossin, James P.; Schubert, Wayne H. (2023). Barotropic Instability during Eyewall Replacement. Meteorology. https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology2020013