Code from: First insights into female sperm storage duration in tardigrades
Data files
Jan 30, 2026 version files 8.49 MB
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README.md
2.20 KB
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TardigradeSpermStorageAnalyses.html
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Abstract
Female sperm storage is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and it has been shown to be linked to several evolutionary processes, from postcopulatory sexual selection to dispersal. Here we report, for the first time, long-term sperm storage in females of the Macrobiotus polonicus tardigrade. Females, isolated after a short contact with a male, were able to use the stored sperm for up to 5 weeks (mean of 2 weeks), which translates to a considerable proportion of female post-mating longevity under controlled laboratory conditions (60% on average). Our study provides first insights into the duration of sperm storage, an underexplored feature of the reproductive biology of tardigrades. Additionally, we discuss important considerations for reproductive studies on these non-model animals.
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fn2z34txb
Data and file structure
There are two data files in comma-separated format: data1_ovipositions.csv: This file records individual egg-laying events for females over time. Each row is one oviposition check, with dates, number of eggs laid, timing since first/previous oviposition, batch info, and interval censoring variables used to estimate when oviposition actually occurred. and data2_matingtrials.csv: This file summarizes female life-history and mating outcomes. Each row is one female, with birth and mating dates, age at mating, whether she laid eggs, total eggs produced, first/last oviposition intervals, and death timing (with censoring).
These are downloadable but incorporated as part of the script file (see below).
Code
The complete R script and output of the statistical analyses are all incorporated into the html rended file from aanR Markdown script: TardigradeSpermStorageAnalyses.html. This script analyzes reproductive patterns in tardigrades using Bayesian statistical models. First, it loads and cleans two datasets: one describing egg‑laying events and another describing mating trials, with dates converted to proper formats and variables prepared for analysis. Then several models are run using the brms package: (1) a logistic model tests whether young and old females differ in their probability of laying eggs, finding no meaningful difference; (2) a geometric survival model examines whether egg‑laying affects longevity, again finding no strong effect; (3) a negative binomial model assesses whether total fecundity differs by age, with young individuals trending toward more eggs but with high uncertainty; (4) two models estimate sperm‑storage duration, showing females use stored sperm for about 15 days or roughly 57% of their post‑mating lifespan; and (5) a mixed‑effects geometric model estimates the interval between egg clutches, averaging about 9 days. Altogether, the analysis provides early quantitative insight into tardigrade sperm storage and reproductive timing.
- Vecchi, Matteo; Chartrain, Justine; Puro, Simo et al. (2022). First insights into female sperm storage duration in tardigrades. Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9010
