Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.jwstqjqjw

Description of the data and file structure

1) ModelMimics_raw data file

*Description: *This Excel spreadsheet contains raw observational data on flight times of model bumblebees and their hoverfly mimics, extracted on 21 June 2023 from two online citizen science and museum specimen databases: Norwegian Artsdatabanken (https://www.artsdatabanken.no/) and Swedish Artportalen (https://www.artportalen.se/) (refer to the methods section of the paper).  Data were downloaded, translated where necessary (from Norwegian and Swedish), and cleaned for use in our study. Please refer to the methods section of the accompanying paper for further details on data collection and cleaning protocols. The file contains five CSVs, which are described below.

Files and variables

a) Artsdatabanken_mimic 21.06.2023

• Content: Raw records of mimic hoverflies from Norway.

• Notes: Column headings are provided in both Norwegian and English.

• Variables:

  Column Name (English)	Description
  institution	Name of the hosting institution (e.g., museum or database source).
  collection	Name of the collection within the institution.
  IUCN status	Conservation status from IUCN (e.g., Least Concern, Vulnerable, etc.).
  validScientificName	Validated scientific name of the organism.
  taxonGroupName	Taxonomic group the species belongs to (e.g., Syrphidae, Bombus).
  Finder/Collector	Person who found or collected the specimen.
  Date	Date the observation or collection was made (format: DD.MM.YYYY).
  locality	Specific site where the organism was observed.
  coordinate Precision	Precision level of the geographical coordinates.
  municipality	Municipality where the record was made.
  county	County/region of observation.
  individualCount	Number of individuals observed.
  basisOfRecord	Type of record (e.g., human observation, specimen).
  identifiedBy	Person who identified the species.
  validated (Yes/NO)	Whether the record was validated.
  catalogNumber	Internal catalog number for the specimen or record.
  latitude	Latitude coordinate in decimal degrees.
  longitude	Longitude coordinate in decimal degrees.
  East	Eastern UTM coordinate.
  North	Northern UTM coordinate.
  geometry	Geospatial data field (if used).
  behavior	Noted behavior at the time of observation (e.g., flying, resting).
  Photo documentation	Presence of associated photographs.
  dateLastModified	Date of last modification of the record.
  dateLastIdentified	Date the species was last identified.
  occurrenceId	Unique identifier for the occurrence.
  datasetName	Name of the dataset from which this record originates.
  notes	Any additional notes or comments.
  habitat	Description of the habitat where the organism was found.
  Sex	Sex of the individual (if determined). (M=male, F=female,u= arbeider =worker, hann= male drone=queen, dronning=queen)
  otherCatalogNumbers	Any additional catalogue/reference numbers.
  recordNumber	Another identifier, possibly from the source database.
  fieldNumber	Field-specific identifier from data collection.
  Preparation method	Method used for specimen preparation (if applicable).
  dynamicProperties	Additional properties, possibly in JSON or coded format.
  nodeId	Internal database node ID (likely specific to Artsdatabanken).
  Institutional code	Short code representing the institution.
  collectionCode	Short code for the specific collection.

b) Artsdatabanken_model 21.06.2023

• Content: Raw records of model bumblebees from Norway.
• Notes: Similar format and structure as file (a).

c) Artportalen_mimic 21.06.2023

• Content: Raw records of mimic hoverflies from Sweden.

• Notes: Original Swedish headings translated into English.

• Variables

  Column Name	Description
  Id	Unique internal record ID from Artportalen.
  Taxon Sort Order	Sorting index for taxonomic display/order.
  Validation status	Indicates whether the record has been reviewed or validated.
  Red list	Conservation status (e.g., listed as endangered in Sweden’s red list).
  Taxon id	Taxon identifier used by Artportalen.
  Taxon Name	Common name of the organism (in Swedish).
  Scientific Taxon Name	Full scientific name (e.g., Bombus terrestris).
  Auctor	Author who originally described the taxon.
  Quantity	Number of individuals observed.
  Unit	Unit of the quantity (typically “individuals”).
  Stage	Life stage of the organism (e.g., adult, larva).
  Gender	Sex of the individual (if known).
  Activity	Observed behavior (e.g., flying, feeding).
  Discovery method	How the species was observed or collected.
  Parent Site	Broader site region or grouping.
  Site name	Specific site of the observation.
  Longitude	Longitude in decimal degrees.
  Latitude	Latitude in decimal degrees.
  Accuracy	Spatial accuracy of location coordinates (e.g., in meters).
  Diffusion	Spatial extent or spread of location estimate.
  County	Swedish county where the record was made.
  Municipality	Municipality of the record.
  County2	Secondary county (if relevant).
  Parrish	Local parish of the observation.
  External id	External identifier (if connected to another database).
  Start date	Date the observation began.
  Start time	Time of the start of observation.
  End date	End date of observation (if range-based).
  End time	End time of observation.
  Public comment	Comment visible to the public.
  Private comment	Comment only visible to logged-in users or admins.
  Not recovered	Whether the organism was lost/not collected after observation.
  Uncertain determination	Flag indicating uncertainty in species identification.
  Determination method	Method used to identify the species.
  Unspontaneous	Indicates whether the organism was introduced or planted.
  Biotope	General habitat classification (e.g., forest, meadow).
  Biotope description	Detailed description of habitat or surroundings.
  Determiner	Person who identified the species.
  Determination year	Year the identification was made.
  Confirmator	Person who confirmed the ID (if applicable).
  Confirmation year	Year of confirmation.
  Owner	Owner of the dataset or original observer.
  Submitted by	Person who submitted the record.
  Observers	List of all observers present during the record.
  Link to BOLD/GenBank	URL linking the record to genetic databases (if applicable).
  Project name	Name of the project that generated the record (if any).

d) Artportalen_model 21.06.2023

• Content: Raw records of model bumblebees from Sweden.
• Notes: Follows the same format as (c)

e) NorSwe_usable data

• Content: Cleaned, merged, and standardized dataset combining usable records from all four tabs above (Norway and Sweden; model and mimic species) after filtering out queried records (from tabs a-d above)
• Variables: As explained above.

Notes on Missing Data cells

• Cells marked as** N/A** (not available) indicate that the original source database did not provide any data for that field in the given record.
• These missing values reflect gaps in the publicly available biodiversity databases and are not due to data processing or filtering done by the authors.

2) ModelMimics

Description: This file contains the merged and cleaned observational records from Norway and Sweden. This is the dataset used in all statistical analyses in the accompanying R-code file.

• File Format: CSV

• Key Columns:

·       Species: Name of the species

·       Taxon: "Tovinger" (hoverfly mimic) or "Veps" (bumblebee model)

·       Longitude: Decimal degree longitude coordinate

·       Latitude: Decimal degree latitude coordinate

·       Precision: Accuracy level of spatial coordinates

·       count: Total number of individuals observed

·       elevation: Elevation of the observation point (in meters)

·       ordinal: Julian day of the year

·       date: Calendar date of observation

·       year: Year of observation

3) R script - Bombus 2

Description: contains the R scripts used for the analysis 

**Note to Users:
**We recommend using the ModelMimics data for analyses, as it contains cleaned and harmonized data. For raw, unprocessed data, refer to files  (dataset 1a–e above).

Code/software

All analyses were performed using R version (R Core Team 2022).