Data from: Systematic revision of the suborder Astrophorina (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the temperate Northeast Pacific
Data files
Jun 18, 2026 version files 1.57 MB
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DNA_sequences.fasta
2.45 KB
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Figure_S1_cox1.pdf
66.27 KB
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Figure_S1.treefile
17.37 KB
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Figure_S2_28S.pdf
59.78 KB
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Figure_S2.treefile
12.75 KB
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Figure_S3.pdf
21.66 KB
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README.md
3.80 KB
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Table_S1_archival.csv
26.10 KB
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Table_S2_Raw_spicule_data.csv
1.36 MB
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Table_S3_Primers.csv
1.61 KB
Abstract
This study presents a systematic revision of the suborder Astrophorina for the temperate Pacific coast of the United States and Canada. Major findings include a reduction in the number of species previously thought to range into the region from Japan; validation of most Geodia species erected by Lendenfeld (1910), which were later synonymized by de Laubenfels (1932); the formal description of 10 new species (Poecillastra alaskensis sp. nov., Vulcanella explorata sp. nov., Vulcanella rupta sp. nov., Stelletta cardenasi sp. nov., Stelletta nicolenya sp. nov., Stelletta limuwensis sp. nov., Dercitus (Stoeba) giveni sp. nov., Penares anyapax sp. nov., Penares foxi sp. nov., and Thenea diastra sp. nov.); and one new combination, Penares orientalis comb. nov. Extensive SCUBA-based collection efforts yielded new samples for 11 of the 26 species identified in the region, which enabled an integrative taxonomic approach that combined field photography, fresh material for DNA sequencing, and improved characterization of species ranges and morphological variability in previously described taxa. Illumina sequencing generated complete nuclear ribosomal haplotypes for five species, while Sanger sequencing of the 28S and cox1 loci placed 20 of the 26 species within molecular phylogenies. The use of very short “mini-barcode” amplicons also enabled sequence recovery from historic type specimens up to 137 years old. This study additionally reports the discovery of sponge grounds of abundant, large Geodia at diving depths in Southern California. Together, these results substantially advance our understanding of global astrophorid diversity and systematics, and the biogeography of sponge diversity in the Northeast Pacific.
Note: This dataset is not intended to be a publication of the associated species names for the purposes of zoological nomenclature.
- Table_S1_archival.csv
Metadata for all samples investigated. Species = species name. Authority = Citation of a paper describing a species. Type status = Holotype, Paratype, or neither (n/a). Sample ID: newly collected samples are associated with a "collection ID", which is a unique identifier used until the sample was voucher in a museum and given a voucher number; these numbers start with "TLT"; samples with a museum voucher but no collection ID were loaned by the corresponding museum; when sample IDs were seen on museum voucher records, those are also included here, and do not start with "TLT". The "TLT" collection ID is also referenced in the raw spicule data file and in the GenBank files, as these datasets were produced before the samples had museum voucher IDs. Date = collection date. Collection location = text description of collection location. Collection region = state/province of collection location. Lat and Long: Latitude and Longitude of collection location, when known. Depth = collection depth, when known. Mitochondrial voucher = GenBank ID for sequenced mitochondrial DNA; n/a indicated no DNA was sequenced; "see notes" indicates that DNA was sequenced but was not accepted by GenBank, as explained in the notes column. Ribosomal voucher = GenBank ID for sequenced nuclear ribosomal DNA. iNaturalist record = link to sample observation posted to iNaturalist, when available. Collector = collector, when known. Notes = additional information.
- Table_S2_Raw_spicule_data.csv
Measurement data from all spicules. Lengths and widths are provided for each spicule, in microns; "n/a" indicates a measurement was not taken or is not relevant to that type of spicule. Sample ID or voucher number = sample ID (TLT number) for newly collected samples, or museum voucher number for loaned vouchers.
- Table_S3_Primers.csv
A table of all sequencing primers used with accompanying notes.
- DNA_sequences.fasta
GenBank does not accept short DNA sequences at the cox1 locus, nor do they accept sequences with a high proportion of uncalled bases. Sequenced generated with minibarcode primers are instead provided here.
- Figure_S1_cox1.pdf
Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Astrophorina. Sequences from GenBank were included if they minimally encompassed the Folmer region of cox1, but full mitochondrial genomes were used when available. New sequences are shown in bold, along with the sample name. Data mined from GenBank includes accession numbers. Node confidence is indicated with bootstrap values. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site.
- Figure_S1.treefile
Same as 5, but in treefile format
- Figure_S2_28S.pdf
Ribosomal phylogeny of the Astrophorina. Sequences from GenBank were included if they minimally encompassed the C2D2 barcoding region of 28S, but full ribosomal sequences were used when available. New sequences are shown in bold, along with the sample name. Data mined from GenBank includes accession numbers. Node confidence is indicated with bootstrap values. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site.
- Figure_S2.treefile
Same as 7, but in treefile format
- Figure_S3.pdf
Morphological variation in Geodia species with mesoprotriaenes. Plagiotriaene rhabd length and sterraster length (maximum diameter) appear sufficient to minimally differentiate species in the region, with additional traits adding confidence to identifications (see table 2 and figure 23). Note that G. breviana is proposed here as a junior synonym of G. mesotriaenella, due to their indistinguishability.