Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are the two most important aflatoxin-producing fungi responsible for the contamination of agricultural commodities worldwide. Both species are heterothallic and undergo sexual reproduction in laboratory crosses. Here we examine the possibility of interspecific matings between A. flavus and A. parasiticus. These species can be distinguished morphologically and genetically, as well as by their mycotoxin profiles. Aspergillus flavus produces both B aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), B aflatoxins or CPA alone, or neither mycotoxin; Aspergillus parasiticus produces B and G aflatoxins or the aflatoxin precursor O-methylsterigmatocystin, but not CPA. Only four of forty-five attempted interspecific crosses between opposite mating types of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were fertile and produced viable ascospores. Single ascospore strains from each cross were shown to be recombinant hybrids using multilocus genotyping and array comparative genome hybridization. Conidia of parents and their hybrid progeny were haploid and predominantly monokaryons and dikaryons based on flow cytometry. Multilocus phylogenetic inference showed that experimental hybrid progeny were grouped with naturally occurring A. flavus L strain and A. parasiticus. Higher total aflatoxin concentrations in some F1 progeny strains compared to midpoint parent aflatoxin levels indicate synergism in aflatoxin production; moreover, three progeny strains synthesized G aflatoxins that were not produced by the parents, and there was evidence of allopolyploidization in one strain. These results suggest that hybridization is an important diversifying force resulting in the genesis of novel toxin profiles in these agriculturally important fungi.
CEL file for isolate IC899
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001143_3357.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC904
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001154_RIB40_020907.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC158
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001447_NRRL1957_DNA.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC277
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001448_IC277_DNA.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC903
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001523_RIB128.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC902
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001524_RIB430.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001857_IC-1.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC33
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001858_IC-33.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC75
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001859_IC-75.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1410
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
001860_IC-1410.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC313
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_81339_AFLAVUSa520391F_IC313.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC201
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_82453_AFLAVUSa520391F_IC201.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC311
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_82455_AFLAVUSa520391F_IC311.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC278
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_89554_AFLAVUSa520391F_278.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1612
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_89555_AFLAVUSa520391F_1612.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1616
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_89556_AFLAVUSa520391F_1616.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC65
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90215_AFLAVUSa520391F_65.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1622
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90216_AFLAVUSa520391F_1622.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC308
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90217_AFLAVUSa520391F_308.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1637
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90218_AFLAVUSa520391F_1637.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC35
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90797_AFLAVUSa520391F_35.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC36
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90798_AFLAVUSa520391F_36.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC307
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90799_AFLAVUSa520391F_307.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1719
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90800_AFLAVUSa520391F_1719.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1722
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90801_AFLAVUSa520391F_1722.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1751
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_90802_AFLAVUSa520391F_1751.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC310
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91004_AFLAVUSa520391F_310.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC31
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91005_AFLAVUSa520391F_31.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC244
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91006_AFLAVUSa520391F_244.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC2207
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91007_AFLAVUSa520391F_2207.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC327
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91153_AFLAVUSa520391F_327.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1179
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91154_AFLAVUSa520391F_1179.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1603
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91155_AFLAVUSa520391F_1603.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1650
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91156_AFLAVUSa520391F_1650.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC2205
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91157_AFLAVUSa520391F_2205.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC2209
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91158_AFLAVUSa520391F_2209.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC640
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91862_AFLAVUSa520391F_640.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1566
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_91863_AFLAVUSa520391F_1566.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1533
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_92106_AFLAVUSa520391F_1533.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC324
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_93860_AFLAVUSa520391F_324.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1630
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_93861_AFLAVUSa520391F_1630.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1112
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_96998_AFLAVUSa520391F_1112.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1516
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_96999_AFLAVUSa520391F_1516.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1766
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_99115_AFLAVUSa520391F_1766.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC2171
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_99117_AFLAVUSa520391F_2171.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1755
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_99815_AFLAVUSa520391F_1775.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC301
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_99816_AFLAVUSa520391F_301.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC34
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_99817_AFLAVUSa520391F_34_2.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC720
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_109845_AFLAVUSa520391F_720.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC796
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_109846_AFLAVUSa520391F_796.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1142
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_109847_AFLAVUSa520391F_1142.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC1169
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_109848_AFLAVUSa520391F_1169.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC3655
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_115513_AFLAVUSA520391F_1C3655.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC3656
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_115514_AFLAVUSA520391F_1C3656.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC3657
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_115515_AFLAVUSA520391F_1C3657.CEL
CEL file for isolate IC4047
aCGH raw data submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
EA08090_130747_AFLAVUSA520391F_IC4047.CEL
Figure 4 - aCGH data for dendrogram
dendrogram_data_log_transfored_unnormalized_09302014.xlsb
Figure 5 - aCGH data for heat map
figure5_heatmap_data_log_transformed_loess_normalized_09302014.xlsb
aCGH metadata
aCGH metadata submitted to Gene Expression Omnibus
OLARTE_metadata_updated_9.30.14.xls
aflM_aflN locus - A. parasiticus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1628464.txt
aflW_aflX locus - A. parasiticus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1628476.txt
trpC locus - A. parasiticus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1628485.txt
aflC_aflD locus - A. parasiticus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1633431.txt
aflC_aflD locus - A. parasiticus x. A. flavus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1633434.txt
aflM_aflN locus - A. parasiticus x. A. flavus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1633435.txt
aflW_aflX locus - A. parasiticus x. A. flavus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1633437.txt
trpC locus - A. parasiticus x. A. flavus
Bankit submission to GenBank
Submission1633443.txt
Figure S1 - Flow Cytometry
Raw data for Figure S1
flow cytometry.xlsx
Table 1
Raw data for Table 1 including: number of sclerotia/stromata per slant, number of sclerotia/stromata examined, percent with ascocarps, and percent with ascospore-bearing ascocarps.
Table 2 - Colony Diameter
Table 2 Colony dia.xlsx
Table 2 - Conidial Diameter
Table 2 Conidial dia.xlsx
Table 2 - Sclerotial Weight
Table 2 Sclerotial weight.xlsx
Table 2 - Stipe Length
Table 2 Stipe length.xlsx
Table 3 - CMLST_alignment_278x33
DNA sequence alignment for cluster multilocus sequence typing of 278x33 cross
CMLST_alignment_278x33.nxs
Table 3 - CMLST_alignment_278x65
DNA sequence alignment for cluster multilocus sequence typing of 278x65 cross
CMLST_alignment_278x65.nxs
Table 3 - CMLST_alignment_278x324
DNA sequence alignment for cluster multilocus sequence typing of 278x324 cross
CMLST_alignment_278x324.nxs
Table 3 - CMLST_alignment_278x327
DNA sequence alignment for cluster multilocus sequence typing of 278x327 cross
CMLST_alignment_278x327.nxs
Table 3 - GMLST_alignment_278x33
DNA sequence alignment for genome multilocus sequence typing of 278x33 cross
GMLST_alignment_278x33.nxs
Table 3 - GMLST_alignment_278x65
DNA sequence alignment for genome multilocus sequence typing of 278x65 cross
GMLST_alignment_278x65.nxs
Table 3 - GMLST_alignment_278x324
DNA sequence alignment for genome multilocus sequence typing of 278x324 cross
GMLST_alignment_278x324.nxs
Table 3 - GMLST_alignment_278x327
DNA sequence alignment for genome multilocus sequence typing of 278x327 cross
GMLST_alignment_278x327.nxs
Table 3 - mycotoxins
HPLC data for mycotoxins
Table 3 Final mycotoxins.xlsx
Figure 6 - Global B aflatoxin isolates
Global_Bs.csv
Figure 6 - Global G aflatoxin isolates
Global_Gs.csv
Figure 6 - Global locality file
global_locality_iTOL_NEW.csv
Figure 6 - Global species file
global_species_iTOL_NEW.csv
Figure 6 - RAxML file
RAxML_bipartitionsBranchLabels.MLST_3_loci
Figure 6 - RAxML multiple sequence alignment file
combine_intersect.nxs