Body and fin shape are chief determinants of swimming performance in fishes. Different configurations of body and fin shape can suit different locomotor specializations. The success of any configuration is dependent upon the hydrodynamic interactions between body and fins. Despite the importance of body-fin interactions for swimming, there are few data indicating whether body and fin configurations evolve in concert, or whether these structures vary independently. The cichlid fishes are a diverse family whose well-studied phylogenetic relationships make them ideal for the study of macroevolution of ecomorphology. This study measured body, caudal and median fin morphology from radiographs of 131 cichlid genera, using morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to determine whether these traits exhibit correlated evolution. Partial least squares canonical analysis revealed that body, caudal fin, dorsal fin, and anal fin shapes all exhibited strong correlated evolution consistent with locomotor ecomorphology. Major patterns included the evolution of deep body profiles with long fins, suggestive of maneuvering specialization; and the evolution of narrow, elongate caudal peduncles with concave tails, a combination that characterizes economical cruisers. These results demonstrate that body shape evolution does not occur independently of other traits, but among a suite of other morphological changes that augment locomotor specialization.
Kmult Phylogenetic Signal Calculations (R Workspace)
R workspace containing phylogeny-specific trait datasets (body, caudal fin, dorsal fin, anal fin) and pruned trees corresponding to each dataset.
06.23.2016_Kmult_physignal_wkspc.RData
Kmult Phylogenetic Signal Calculations (R Code)
R code corresponding to Kmult phylogenetic signal analyses on trait data given in the R workspace.
06.23.2016_Kmult_physignal_wkspc_code.txt
Phylogenetic PCA analyses (R workspace)
R workspace containing phylogeny-specific datasets and pruned trees for each dataset in order to calculate phylogenetic principle components analysis
06.23.2016_phylPCA_wkspc.RData
Phylogenetic PCA analyses (R code)
R code to conduct phylogenetic PCA analyses on the data in the R workspace
06.23.2016_phylPCA_wkspc_code.txt
PCA Analyses (R workspace)
Size corrected morphological data for principle component analysis of body, caudal, dorsal, and anal fin shape.
06.23.2016_PCA_wkspc.RData
PCA Analyses (R code)
Code to perform principle component analyses on the corresponding R dataset
06.23.2016_PCA_wkspc_code.txt
Disparity Through Time Analyses (R workspace)
Data to conduct disparity through time analyses on phylogeny-specific morphological datasets for body, caudal fin, dorsal fin, and anal fin shape.
06.23.2016_DTT_wkspc.RData
Disparity Through Time Analyses (R code)
R code to conduct disparity through time analyses on corresponding datasets.
06.23.2016_DTT_wksp_code.txt
Partial Least Squares Analyses (R workspace)
Morphological data for all pairwise PLS analyses.
06.23.2016_PLS_wkspc.RData
Partial Least Squares Analyses (R code)
R code to conduct all pairwise partial least squares canonical analyses on the corresponding data.
06.23.2016_PLS_wkspc_code.txt
Partial Least Squares Analyses on Independent Contrasts (R workspace)
Morphological data and trees required to calculate phylogenetic independent contrasts and run PLS-CA analyses for all possible pairwise comparisons using both reference phylogenies.
06.23.2016_PLSonPIC_wkspc.RData
Partial Least Squares Analyses on Independent Contrasts (R code)
R code required to calculate Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts, merge datasets and run all pairwise PLS-CA analyses on morphological data and trees included in the associated R workspace.
06.23.2016_PLSonPICs_wkspc_code.txt
Convergence Analyses (R workspace)
Phylogenetic principal component scores and trees used to test for and calculate the strength of convergence using the SURFACE and windex packages in R.
06.23.2016_SURFACE_wkspc.RData
Convergence Analyses (R code)
R code used to conduct tests for convergence in R using the SURFACE and windex packages.
07.06.2016_SURFACEwindex_wkspc_code.txt
Raw and Normalized CIchlid Morphology Data
All of the raw data, specimen data, and regression normalized data used in the analyses here. Analysis-specific subsets and associated code are provided as R workspaces.
AllCichlidMorphData_Dryadupload.csv