{"_links":{"self":{"href":"/api/v2/search?org=https%3A%2F%2Fror.org%2F00x6h5n95"},"first":{"href":"/api/v2/search?org=https%3A%2F%2Fror.org%2F00x6h5n95"},"last":{"href":"/api/v2/search?org=https%3A%2F%2Fror.org%2F00x6h5n95\u0026page=1"}},"count":5,"total":5,"_embedded":{"stash:datasets":[{"_links":{"self":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.x3ffbg81f"},"stash:versions":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.x3ffbg81f/versions"},"stash:version":{"href":"/api/v2/versions/426468"},"stash:download":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.x3ffbg81f/download"},"curies":[{"name":"stash","href":"https://github.com/datadryad/dryad-app/blob/main/documentation/apis/link_relations.md#{rel}","templated":"true"}]},"identifier":"doi:10.5061/dryad.x3ffbg81f","id":177885,"storageSize":52115,"relatedPublicationISSN":"0909-6396","title":"Data from: The effects of moose- and pine density on browsing damage in Swedish pine forests","authors":[{"firstName":"Oskar","lastName":"Franklin","email":"franklin@iiasa.ac.at","affiliation":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","affiliations":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis","ror_id":"https://ror.org/02wfhk785"},{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","ror_id":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990"},{"name":"Dryad Digital Repository","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00x6h5n95"}],"orcid":"0000-0002-0376-4140"},{"firstName":"Christer","lastName":"Kalén","email":"christer.kalen@skogsstyrelsen.se","affiliation":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","affiliations":[{"name":"Swedish Forest Agency","ror_id":"https://ror.org/02qh6my57"},{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","ror_id":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990"}],"order":1},{"firstName":"Annika M.","lastName":"Felton","email":"annika.felton@slu.se","affiliation":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","affiliations":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","ror_id":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990"}],"orcid":"0000-0001-5066-1358","order":2},{"firstName":"Märtha","lastName":"Wallgren","email":"martha.wallgren@skogforsk.se","affiliation":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","affiliations":[{"name":"Forestry Research Institute of Sweden","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00qqx3790"},{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","ror_id":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990"}],"order":3}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eMoose (\u003cem\u003eAlces alces\u003c/em\u003e) is a culturally and economically important game species in Sweden, but their browsing on regenerating Scots pine trees (\u003cem\u003ePinus sylvestris\u003c/em\u003e) often causes extensive damage to the production and quality of timber. Forest- and wildlife managers are faced with the dilemma of how to reduce damage to timber trees while also supporting moose populations and hunting opportunities. The proportion of damaged trees can be reduced by decreasing the number of moose, but also by increasing the number of pines. However, the relative effectiveness of these two approaches is debated and has not been conclusively determined. Here we addressed this question by analyzing the effects of moose- and pine density on pine damage based on yearly data from almost all of Sweden’s moose management areas (MMAs) over 10 years, 2015-2024 (718 observations). We developed a mechanistic model to realistically represent the browsing process and used regression with mixed models to account for variable vulnerability (damage at a common number of moose per pine tree) among MMAs in the statistical analysis. The model explained 53% of the variation in the proportion of damaged trees and showed that, on average, the relative damage reduction effect of a decreased moose population was ~1.5x larger (25%) than the effect of increased pine density (17%). Vulnerability to browsing varied substantially among MMAs and between years within each MMA, especially in areas with low pine density. This variability prevents reliable predictions of management effects at the individual MMA level for most MMAs. Such local predictions may be improved in the future by incorporating longer time series of observations and additional variables, such as alternative forage sources, browsing by other deer species, and snow cover and duration.\u003c/p\u003e\n","funders":[{"organization":"The Research Council of Norway","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/00epmv149","awardNumber":"326843","awardDescription":"","awardTitle":"","order":0},{"organization":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/02yy8x990","awardNumber":"","awardDescription":"","awardTitle":"","order":1}],"keywords":["Forests","Moose","Forestry"],"fieldOfScience":"Biological sciences","relatedWorks":[{"relationship":"preprint","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175952348.87361283/v1"},{"relationship":"primary_article","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wlb3.01614"}],"versionNumber":3,"versionStatus":"submitted","curationStatus":"Published","versionChanges":"files_changed","publicationDate":"2026-02-19","lastModificationDate":"2026-02-19","visibility":"public","sharingLink":"http://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.x3ffbg81f","license":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","metrics":{"views":0,"downloads":0,"citations":2}},{"_links":{"self":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.sj3tx96js"},"stash:versions":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.sj3tx96js/versions"},"stash:version":{"href":"/api/v2/versions/422193"},"stash:download":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.sj3tx96js/download"},"curies":[{"name":"stash","href":"https://github.com/datadryad/dryad-app/blob/main/documentation/apis/link_relations.md#{rel}","templated":"true"}]},"identifier":"doi:10.5061/dryad.sj3tx96js","id":177261,"storageSize":107631,"relatedPublicationISSN":"0040-0262","title":"Analysis of DNA sequence data shows that the African members of \u003cem\u003eStomatanthes\u003c/em\u003e should be merged with \u003cem\u003eEupatorium\u003c/em\u003e","authors":[{"firstName":"Edward","lastName":"Schilling","email":"eschilling@utk.edu","affiliation":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror_id":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87"},{"name":"Dryad Digital Repository","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00x6h5n95"}],"orcid":"0000-0002-7479-8962"}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS regions and the plastid spacer \u003cem\u003etrnH-psbA\u003c/em\u003e showed that African species of \u003cem\u003eStomatanthes\u003c/em\u003e nested within the widely distributed \u003cem\u003eEupatorium\u003c/em\u003e (North America, Europe, Asia should be included within it.  A survey of ITS sequences from herbarium specimens of \u003cem\u003eStomatanthes\u003c/em\u003e from Africa confirmed their monophyly and showed some variability that did not correlate with current species boundaries.\u003c/p\u003e\n","funders":[{"organization":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/001xhss06","awardNumber":"","awardDescription":"","awardTitle":"","order":0}],"keywords":["Plant taxonomy","Plant phylogenetics","Biogeography"],"fieldOfScience":"Biological sciences","versionNumber":2,"versionStatus":"submitted","curationStatus":"Published","versionChanges":"files_changed","publicationDate":"2026-01-30","lastModificationDate":"2026-01-30","visibility":"public","sharingLink":"http://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.sj3tx96js","license":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","metrics":{"views":1,"downloads":1,"citations":0}},{"_links":{"self":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.37pvmcvqp"},"stash:versions":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.37pvmcvqp/versions"},"stash:version":{"href":"/api/v2/versions/395326"},"stash:download":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.37pvmcvqp/download"},"curies":[{"name":"stash","href":"https://github.com/datadryad/dryad-app/blob/main/documentation/apis/link_relations.md#{rel}","templated":"true"}]},"identifier":"doi:10.5061/dryad.37pvmcvqp","id":108809,"storageSize":91936647,"title":"COVID information commons archive","authors":[{"firstName":"Florence D","lastName":"Hudson","email":"florence.distefano.hudson@gmail.com","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"orcid":"0000-0003-0896-2127"},{"firstName":"Ryan","lastName":"Scherle","email":"ryan@datadryad.org","affiliation":"Dryad Digital Repository","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00x6h5n95","affiliations":[{"name":"Dryad Digital Repository","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00x6h5n95"}],"orcid":"0000-0002-2184-6094","order":1},{"firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Close","email":"lc3460@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":2},{"firstName":"Varalika","lastName":"Mahajan","email":"vm2695@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":3},{"firstName":"Benjamin","lastName":"Sango","email":"bbs2137@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":4},{"firstName":"Helen","lastName":"Yang","email":"hty2105@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":5},{"firstName":"Haleigh","lastName":"Stewart","email":"hss2153@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":6},{"firstName":"Sven","lastName":"Johnson","email":"sj2771@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":7},{"firstName":"Karl","lastName":"Ragnauth","email":"kr2578@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":8},{"firstName":"Katie","lastName":"Naum","email":"ken2115@columbia.edu","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":9},{"firstName":"Rene","lastName":"Baston","email":"rene@team8.vc","affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","affiliations":[{"name":"Columbia University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172"}],"order":10}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe COVID Information Commons (CIC) is an open website portal and community to facilitate knowledge-sharing and collaboration across various COVID research efforts, funded by the \u003ca href=\"https://beta.nsf.gov/funding/initiatives/convergence-accelerator\"\u003eNSF Convergence Accelerator\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href=\"https://beta.nsf.gov/tip/latest\"\u003eNSF Technology, Innovation and Partnerships Directorate\u003c/a\u003e. The CIC serves as an open resource for researchers, students, and decision-makers from academia, government, not-for-profits, and industry to identify collaboration opportunities, to leverage each other's research findings, and to accelerate the most promising research to mitigate the broad societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CIC was developed as a collaborative proposal led by the \u003ca href=\"http://nebigdatahub.org/\"\u003eNortheast Big Data Innovation Hub\u003c/a\u003e, hosted by Columbia University, in collaboration with the \u003ca href=\"https://midwestbigdatahub.org/\"\u003eMidwest Big Data Innovation Hub\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://southbigdatahub.org/\"\u003eSouth Big Data Innovation Hub\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.westbigdatahub.org/\"\u003eWest Big Data Innovation Hub\u003c/a\u003e. It was funded by the NSF Convergence Accelerator (\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2028999\u0026amp;HistoricalAwards=false\"\u003eNSF #2028999\u003c/a\u003e) in May 2020 and launched in July 2020. The initial focus of the CIC website was on the 723 NSF-funded COVID Rapid Response Research (RAPID) projects funded in 2020. The CIC-E: COVID Information Commons Extension for Pandemic Recovery project was proposed and funded in 2021 (\u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2139391\u0026amp;HistoricalAwards=false\"\u003eNSF #2139391\u003c/a\u003e) by the \u003ca href=\"https://covidinfocommons.datascience.columbia.edu/content/project-team\"\u003eCIC project team\u003c/a\u003e with the goal to increase researcher collaboration across NSF and NIH awardees and with global collaborators, as we continue to combat the novel coronavirus, and glean learnings for future uses of innovations developed for COVID response and recovery, including potential insights which can be leveraged for future pandemics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CIC extension launched on June 30, 2022, increasing the corpus of awards from just NSF to include NIH-funded COVID-related awards, both present and past, through all funding vehicles, in pertinent areas of COVID research, response, and recovery. The CIC-extension provides more opportunity for multi-agency and multidisciplinary research collaboration, as all the Principal Investigators (PIs) for awards in the CIC are invited to present their research and collaborate on CIC Research Lighting Talk Webinars and Collaboration Sessions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","funders":[{"organization":"National Science Foundation","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62","awardNumber":"2028999","awardDescription":""},{"organization":"National Science Foundation","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62","awardNumber":"2139391","awardDescription":"","order":1}],"keywords":["COVID 19","Coronavirus","Epidemiology","Public health"],"fieldOfScience":"Medical and health sciences","methods":"\u003cp\u003eThe NSF and NIH-funded COVID-related awards corpus in the CIC was collected primarily from NSF and NIH via APIs. Further information has been collected directly from researchers, who filled out an online form to enhance the descriptions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset has been cleaned and enhanced by automated processing, using custom scripts to remove invalid characters and standardize the names of funding agency divisions.\u003c/p\u003e\n","relatedWorks":[{"relationship":"article","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.7916/bxaz-rw47"},{"relationship":"software","identifierType":"URL","identifier":"https://github.com/columbia-it/covid-infocommons"},{"relationship":"supplemental_information","identifierType":"URL","identifier":"https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/search?f%5Bseries_ssim%5D%5B%5D=COVID-19+Research+Lightning+Talks"},{"relationship":"software","identifierType":"URL","identifier":"https://covidinfocommons.datascience.columbia.edu/"},{"relationship":"supplemental_information","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.7916/01nx-bd77"}],"versionNumber":9,"versionStatus":"submitted","curationStatus":"Published","versionChanges":"files_changed","publicationDate":"2025-09-11","lastModificationDate":"2025-09-11","visibility":"public","sharingLink":"http://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.37pvmcvqp","license":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","metrics":{"views":132,"downloads":15,"citations":1}},{"_links":{"self":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.7d7wm3843"},"stash:versions":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.7d7wm3843/versions"},"stash:version":{"href":"/api/v2/versions/394858"},"stash:download":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.7d7wm3843/download"},"curies":[{"name":"stash","href":"https://github.com/datadryad/dryad-app/blob/main/documentation/apis/link_relations.md#{rel}","templated":"true"}]},"identifier":"doi:10.5061/dryad.7d7wm3843","id":138805,"storageSize":73259,"relatedPublicationISSN":"2057-4991","title":"Data from: Fun surveys? Developing an innovative approach to assessing learning through citizen science","authors":[{"firstName":"Bradley","lastName":"Allf","email":"bradleyallf@gmail.com","affiliation":"Colorado State University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","affiliations":[{"name":"North Carolina State University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"},{"name":"Colorado State University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17"},{"name":"Dryad Digital Repository","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00x6h5n95"}],"orcid":"0000-0003-1224-729X"},{"firstName":"Lincoln","lastName":"Larson","email":"lrlarson@ncsu.edu","affiliation":"North Carolina State University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","affiliations":[{"name":"North Carolina State University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"}],"orcid":"0000-0001-9591-1269","order":1},{"firstName":"Jean","lastName":"Goodwin","email":"jegoodwi@ncsu.edu","affiliation":"North Carolina State University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","affiliations":[{"name":"North Carolina State University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"}],"order":2},{"firstName":"Robert","lastName":"Dunn","email":"rrdunn@ncsu.edu","affiliation":"North Carolina State University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","affiliations":[{"name":"North Carolina State University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"}],"order":3},{"firstName":"Caren","lastName":"Cooper","email":"cbcoope3@ncsu.edu","affiliation":"North Carolina State University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","affiliations":[{"name":"North Carolina State University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"}],"order":4}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eAssessing the impact of citizen science participation on volunteers is increasingly important. However, traditional methods for evaluating volunteer experiences—such as quantitative surveying—have drawbacks. Response rates are often low, pre- and post-tests provide a coarse metric for assessing learning, and static evaluation techniques have failed to align with the participatory spirit of citizen science, where volunteers are involved in understanding their role in scientific inquiry. In response to these problems, we developed a more engaging type of longitudinal survey aimed at achieving higher response rates and better involving volunteers in understanding the scientific value of their survey efforts. We first reviewed the literature on “fun” and found that fun activities embody six characteristics: autonomy, social connection, playfulness, challenge, transport, and curiosity. We used this “fun heuristic” to design “SciQuest,” an exploratory survey tool that evaluated volunteers’ pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors across citizen science projects hosted on the platform SciStarter.org. SciQuest proved to be a reliable instrument that captured common learning outcome–related constructs measured by conventional, validated instruments. Although most beta-testers had no preference between SciQuest and a conventional survey, among those expressing a preference, nearly twice as many favored SciQuest. SciQuest also achieved much higher retention rates (49–67%) than past conventional surveys on SciStarter (19%). Embedded, creative approaches to citizen science evaluation are thus a viable, and perhaps preferable, complement to traditional surveys, particularly on citizen science platforms. Citizen science facilitators should extend their volunteer-centric perspectives to include participant evaluation and seek evidence-based strategies for enriching the citizen science experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n","funders":[{"organization":"National Science Foundation","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62","awardNumber":"1713562","awardDescription":"Advanced Informal STEM Learning","order":0},{"organization":"National Science Foundation","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62","awardNumber":"DGE-1746939","awardDescription":"Graduate Research Fellowship Program","order":1}],"keywords":["Surveys","Survey methods","Survey research","Ecology and environmental sciences","Conservation biology","Citizen science","Social sciences","human dimensions"],"fieldOfScience":"Social sciences","methods":"\u003cp\u003eThe attached CSV contains 243 anonymized survey responses from Qualtrics \"Panelists\" (paid surveytakers). These surveytakers completed a survey in May, 2021 where they answered a variety of questions about their connection to nature, their pro-enviornmental behaviors, and other conservation-related constructs. Each respondent completed two different types of survey analyzing the same construct: one using existing, validated constructs, and one using a new, untested instrument called \"SciQuest.\" \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal of collecting this survey data was to quasi-validate the SciQuest version of these constructs. SciQuest is designed to provide a more fun, engaging way of answering survey questions for citizen science evaluators. However, to make sure the SciQuest questions are assessing the same constructs as conventional instruments, we compared responses to the same constructs among these Panelists who took both a conventional survey and a SciQuest version of the same survey constructs. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis dataset has already been processed to remove 197 incomplete/low-quality survey responses. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have also attached an R script that analzes this dataset to calculate the results presented in our manuscript. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have also included a supplemental video file. This file is a screen recording of the SciQuest landing page and annotated walk-throughs of each survey module on SciQuest. The video shows a participant completing the three available survey modules on SciQuest: Journey Prep, Module 1: Nature, and Module 2: Environment. The journal to which we are submitting this manuscript does not allow for video-type files. I am uploading this supplemental video file on Dryad so that we can have a stable reference to this supplemental video. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLastly we have included three .qsf files of each of the three Qualtrics survey modules (Supplemental Files 4 corresponds to the Journey Prep module, Supplemental File 5 corresponds to Module 1 and Supplemental File 6 corresponds to Module 2). These files can be directly loaded into Qualtrics by others interested in using the surveys. The journal to which we are submitting this manuscript does not allow for submission of the .qsf file type, so I am uploading these supplemental  files on Dryad.\u003c/p\u003e\n","relatedWorks":[{"relationship":"software","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13308870"},{"relationship":"supplemental_information","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17088298"},{"relationship":"primary_article","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.796"}],"versionNumber":8,"versionStatus":"submitted","curationStatus":"Published","versionChanges":"files_changed","publicationDate":"2025-09-09","lastModificationDate":"2025-09-09","visibility":"public","sharingLink":"http://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.7d7wm3843","license":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","metrics":{"views":40,"downloads":8,"citations":1}},{"_links":{"self":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.0cfxpnw45"},"stash:versions":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.0cfxpnw45/versions"},"stash:version":{"href":"/api/v2/versions/158916"},"stash:download":{"href":"/api/v2/datasets/doi%3A10.5061%2Fdryad.0cfxpnw45/download"},"curies":[{"name":"stash","href":"https://github.com/datadryad/dryad-app/blob/main/documentation/apis/link_relations.md#{rel}","templated":"true"}]},"identifier":"doi:10.5061/dryad.0cfxpnw45","id":82056,"storageSize":157428,"relatedPublicationISSN":"2056-3744","title":"Population-level variation in parasite resistance due to differences in immune initiation and rate of response","authors":[{"firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Hund","email":"ahund@umn.edu","affiliation":"University of Minnesota","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Minnesota","ror_id":"https://ror.org/017zqws13"}],"orcid":"0000-0001-7758-6757"},{"firstName":"Lauren","lastName":"Fuess","email":"lfuess@txstate.edu","affiliation":"Texas State University","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/021n14p32","affiliations":[{"name":"Texas State University","ror_id":"https://ror.org/021n14p32"}],"orcid":"0000-0003-0197-7326"},{"firstName":"Mariah","lastName":"Kenney","email":"mariahlkenney@gmail.com","affiliation":"Dryad Digital Repository","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00x6h5n95","affiliations":[{"name":"Dryad Digital Repository","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00x6h5n95"}],"orcid":"0000-0003-4884-108X"},{"firstName":"Meghan","lastName":"Maciejewski","email":"mfm8@illinois.edu","affiliation":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/047426m28","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror_id":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"orcid":"0000-0002-2770-787X"},{"firstName":"Joseph","lastName":"Marini","email":"JOM204@pitt.edu","affiliation":"University of Pittsburgh","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror_id":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"}]},{"firstName":"Kum Chuan","lastName":"Shim","email":"will.shim@utexas.edu","affiliation":"The University of Texas at Austin","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","affiliations":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror_id":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04"}]},{"firstName":"Dan","lastName":"Bolnick","email":"daniel.bolnick@uconn.edu","affiliation":"University of Connecticut","affiliationROR":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","affiliations":[{"name":"University of Connecticut","ror_id":"https://ror.org/02der9h97"}],"orcid":"0000-0003-3148-6296"}],"abstract":"\u003cp\u003eClosely related populations often differ in resistance to a given parasite, as measured by infection success or failure. Yet, the immunological mechanisms of these evolved differences are rarely specified. Does resistance evolve via changes to the host’s ability to recognize that an infection exists, actuate an effective immune response, or attenuate that response? We tested whether each of these phases of the host response contributed to threespine sticklebacks’ recently evolved resistance to their tapeworm \u003ci\u003eSchistocephalus solidus. \u003c/i\u003eWhile marine stickleback and some susceptible lake fish permit fast-growing tapeworms, other lake populations are resistant and suppress tapeworm growth via a fibrosis response. We subjected lab-raised fish from three populations (susceptible marine ‘ancestors’, a susceptible lake population, a resistant lake population), to a novel immune challenge using an injection of: 1) a saline control, 2) alum, a generalized pro-inflammatory adjuvant that causes fibrosis, 3) a tapeworm protein extract, or 4) a combination of alum and tapeworm protein). With enough time, all three populations generated a robust fibrosis response to the alum treatments. Yet, only the resistant population exhibited a fibrosis response to the tapeworm protein alone. Thus, these populations differed in their ability to respond to the tapeworm protein but shared an intact fibrosis pathway. The resistant population also initiated fibrosis faster in response to alum, and was able to attenuate fibrosis, unlike the susceptible populations’ slow but longer-lasting response to alum. As fibrosis has pathological side-effects that reduce fecundity, the faster recovery by the resistant population may reflect an adaptation to mitigate the costs of immunity. Broadly, our results confirm that parasite detection and immune initiation, activation speed, and immune attenuation simultaneously contribute to the evolution of parasite resistance and adaptations to infection in natural populations.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n","funders":[{"organization":"National Institutes of Health","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","awardNumber":"Postdoctoral Fellowship to Hund"},{"organization":"American Association of Immunologists","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/04q9fhm49","awardNumber":"Intersect Postdoctoral Fellowship to Fuess"},{"organization":"University of Connecticut","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","awardNumber":"Startup funds to Bolnick"},{"organization":"National Cancer Institute","identifierType":"ror","identifier":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81","awardNumber":"NIAID Grant 1R01AI123659-01A1"}],"fieldOfScience":"Biological sciences","methods":"\u003cp style=\"text-indent:.5in;\"\u003eIn the spring of 2018, we sampled 31 uninfected and 31 infected fish from Gosling Lake and 30 uninfected and 32 infected fish from Roselle Lake using minnow traps to quantify average tapeworm size and the frequency and severity of fibrosis. Fish were sampled as part of a larger study where we sampled the first 30 uninfected fish and then continued sampling until we had found 30 infected fish for each population. Fish were categorized as uninfected if we did not find a living tapeworm. We scored fibrosis in the peritoneal cavity visually using a dissecting microscope as: 0 (no fibrosis), 1 (some fibrosis, organs do not move freely), 2 (fibrosis adhering organs together), 3 (organs adhered together and to the peritoneal wall), 4 (severe fibrosis, difficult to open peritoneal cavity) (see supplemental video).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent:.5in;\"\u003e We weighed tapeworms on a digital scale; tapeworms weighing less than 0.01g were recorded as \u0026lt;0.01g (limit of our field scale) and were entered as 0.009g for summary statistics. If fish were infected with multiple tapeworms, we weighed all tapeworms together to get average parasite mass. We compared infection intensity between lakes using a general linear model (glm) with a Poisson distribution, and average tapeworm mass using a glm with a gamma distribution and inverse link function. We also compared the number of tapeworms above and below the threshold of our field scale per lake using a chi-square test. We compared the fibrosis scores of uninfected and infected fish between lakes using Mann-Whitney U tests. To get an additional estimate of infection prevalence for Roselle, we euthanized and preserved 169 randomly selected fish in ethanol, which were later dissected and scored as infected or uninfected (ethanol preservation is not conducive to scoring fibrosis).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent:.5in;\"\u003eIn June 2018, we collected fish from our three populations for breeding. Using standard in-vitro fertilization methods, we created full-sibling families from each population and transported fertilized eggs to the lab for rearing (Divino \u0026amp; Schultz 2014). Fish were in two rooms at the animal care facility of the University of Connecticut. Families were often, though not always, split across multiple tanks located in both rooms. All fish were ~11 months old when they were injected with different immune challenges in May 2019.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eLaboratory Injection Experiment\u003c/i\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent:.25in;\"\u003eWe injected four different inoculants directly into the peritoneal cavity. These included 1) 20\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e of 1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS, control treatment), 2) 10\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e of homogenized tapeworm protein solution + 10\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e PBS (tapeworm treatment), 3) 10\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e of Alum (2% Alumax Phosphate, OZ Bioscience)\u003ci\u003e \u003c/i\u003e+ 10\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e PBS (alum treatment), and 4) 10\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e tapeworm protein + 10\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003em\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background:white;\"\u003eL\u003c/span\u003e Alum (tapeworm + alum treatment). Alum is an immune adjuvant that causes the recruitment of leukocytes that initiate an immune response (Kool \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2012). Pilot studies demonstrated that alum injections could induce a fibrosis response in the peritoneal cavity of stickleback (\u003ci\u003eDr. Natalie Steinel, per. comm). \u003c/i\u003eThe tapeworm protein solution was used to test if fish could recognize and respond to tapeworm antigens. By using homogenized tapeworms, our experimental design mitigates active interference by the tapeworm, which are well known to secrete a suite of immunomodulatory molecules that suppress and shift host immune responses (Coakley \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2016; Maizels \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2018; Motran \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2018), including in stickleback (Scharsack \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent:.5in;\"\u003e To create this solution we used tapeworms collected from Farwell Lake (50°11’60”N, 125°35’27”W) on in 2008 that were flash frozen and stored at -80°C. We chose tapeworms from a different lake, watershed, and year to minimize any localized genetic structure of the parasite that may influence population level responses. Tapeworms were dipped in deionized water and placed in chilled 0.9x PBS. Each tapeworm was sonified on ice twice for 1 min (Branson 150 Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor, level 5). Between sonification rounds, samples were chilled on ice (5 min). The homogenized solutions were centrifuged (4°C, 4000rpm, 20min) and the supernatant was collected and pooled. We measured the protein concentration using a Red 660 kit (G-Biosciences), diluted the solution to 1mg/ml using 0.9x PBS and stored it at -20°C. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent:.5in;\"\u003eBefore injection, fish were lightly anesthetized using a neutral-buffered MS-222 (50-75 mg/L)\u003ci\u003e. \u003c/i\u003eWe used ultra-fine syringes (BD 31G 8mm) to inject 20ul into the lower left side of the peritoneal cavity, slightly above where the end of ventral spine rests. Injections were shallow and at an angle parallel to the body to avoid injuring organs. We watched for visual distention of the peritoneal cavity to ensure solutions were being injected correctly. Solutions were prepared and syringes were loaded in a sterile culture hood. Fish were also given a small colored elastomer mark (Northwest Marine Technologies) corresponding to their treatment group injected subcutaneously just posterior to the neurocranium. While injecting elastomers can impact immune responses (Henrich \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2014), all fish received the same amount of elastomer in the same location across treatment groups.\u003ci\u003e \u003c/i\u003eDuring the injection procedure, fish were placed on a wet sponge and had their gills covered with a wet paper towel. In total, the procedure lasted less than one minute, and fish were immediately placed in an aerated recovery tank before being returned to their home tank with negligible mortality and no noticeable adverse effects.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent:.5in;\"\u003eWe euthanized fish to measure fibrosis post injection at four time points: 1, 10, 42, and 90 days. These timepoints were chosen to see 1) if fish could respond within 24 hours to an immune challenge, which is when the tapeworm penetrates the gut (Hammerschmidt \u0026amp; Kurtz 2007), 2) how their response changed through time as the tapeworm would be growing within the peritoneal cavity (10 and 42 days). The 10 and 42 day timepoints also correspond to timepoints used in previous experiments (Scharsack \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2007; Weber \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2017a, b; Fuess \u003ci\u003eet al.\u003c/i\u003e 2021), and 3) how this response might change within the timeframe of a breeding season, around 90 days. We used the 0-4 fibrosis scale described above. Two people (AKH \u0026amp; LEF) blind to treatment and population scored fibrosis (each fish was scored once). We also recorded fish mass, length, and sex. To the best of our ability, we spread treatments and time points across families within each population; sample sizes are provided in table 1. Sample sizes are small for the 90 day timepoint as this was added to take advantage of excess surviving fish. Throughout the experiment, there was a mortality rate of 11% (48 out of 418 fish), which did not appear to be driven by treatment. Mortality typically occurred days to weeks after injection.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n","usageNotes":"\u003cp\u003eIncluded in this respository is all code used for the manuscript and all datafiles. For more information about fibrosis scores in fish, please see manuscript and accompanying video. All analysis were done in R. Please contact Amanda Hund with additional questions (ahund@umn.edu). \u003c/p\u003e\r\n","relatedWorks":[{"relationship":"software","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5807889"},{"relationship":"preprint","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.03.186569"},{"relationship":"primary_article","identifierType":"DOI","identifier":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.274"}],"versionNumber":2,"versionStatus":"submitted","curationStatus":"Published","versionChanges":"files_changed","publicationDate":"2022-01-14","lastModificationDate":"2022-01-14","visibility":"public","sharingLink":"http://datadryad.org/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.0cfxpnw45","license":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","metrics":{"views":172,"downloads":17,"citations":2}}]}}