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Dryad

Data from: Drivers and spatial patterns of avian defaunation in tropical forests

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Mar 24, 2025 version files 329.64 KB
Mar 24, 2025 version files 329.64 KB

Abstract

Aim: Wildlife overexploitation, either for food consumption or for the pet trade, is one of the main threats to bird species in tropical forests. Yet, the spatial distribution and intensity of harvesting pressure on tropical birds remain challenging to quantify. Here, we identify the drivers of hunting-induced declines in bird abundance and quantify the magnitude and the spatial extent of avian defaunation at a pantropical scale.
 
Location: Pantropical
 
Methods: We compiled 2968 abundance estimates in hunted and non-hunted sites across the tropics spanning 518 bird species. Using a Bayesian modelling framework, we fitted species’ abundance response ratios to a set of drivers of hunting pressure and species traits. Subsequently, we applied our model to quantify the spatial patterns of avian defaunation across tropical forests and to assess avian defaunation across biogeographic realms, and for species captured for the pet trade or for food consumption.
 
Results: Body mass and its interactions with hunters accessibility and proximity  to urban markets were the most important drivers of hunting-induced bird abundance declines. We estimated a mean abundance reduction of 12% across the tropics, and that 50% of all tropical forests harbour defaunated avian communities. Large-bodied species and the Indomalayan realm displayed the greatest abundance declines. Further, hotspots of high defaunation extended over 11.1% of the pantropical forest area, with distinct spatial patterns for species captured for the pet trade (Brazil, China and Indonesia) and for food consumption (SE Asia and West Africa).  
 
Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the role of hunters’ accessibility and the proximity to urban markets as major drivers of bird abundance declines due to hunting and trapping. We further identified hotspots where overexploitation has detrimental effects on tropical birds, encompassing local extinction events, thus underscoring the urgent need for conservation efforts to address unsustainable exploitation for both subsistence and trade.