Data from: Species selection favors dispersive life histories in sea slugs, but higher per-offspring investment drives shifts to short-lived larvae
Data files
Jul 09, 2015 version files 236.17 MB
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Fig S1, 16S secondary structure model.pdf
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Fig S2, full 16S alignment annotated.pdf
38.65 MB
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Fig S3, 28S alignment annotated.pdf
182.99 MB
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Fig S4a-f, gene trees, BI consensus, ML alt partitioned.pdf
6.65 MB
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Fig S5, BiSSE tree v4.pdf
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Fig S6, dep model rate dist.tif
7.21 MB
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Table S1, sampled taxa + collection details, v6.doc
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Table S2, devel data, v6, Phil, names refs.xls
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Table S3, accession nos.xls
82.94 KB
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Table S4, split BiSSE model fit, % missing taxa.doc
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Table S5, split BiSSE params, % missing taxa.doc
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Table S6, references v2.doc
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Aug 11, 2015 version files 236.28 MB
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Fig S1, 16S secondary structure model.pdf
22.37 KB
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Fig S2, full 16S alignment annotated.pdf
38.65 MB
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Fig S3, 28S alignment annotated.pdf
182.99 MB
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Fig S4a-f, gene trees, BI consensus, ML alt partitioned.pdf
6.65 MB
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Fig S5, BiSSE tree v4.pdf
27.85 KB
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Fig S6, dep model rate dist.tif
7.21 MB
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Table S4, split BiSSE model fit, % missing taxa.doc
40.45 KB
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Table S5, split BiSSE params, % missing taxa.doc
50.18 KB
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Table S6, references v2.doc
37.89 KB
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Table_S1_sampled_taxa+collection_details_v6.doc
323.07 KB
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Table_S2_devel_data_v7_refs.xls
94.21 KB
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Table_S3_accession_nos.xls
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Abstract
For 40 years, paleontological studies of marine gastropods have suggested that species selection favors lineages with short-lived (lecithotrophic) larvae, which are less dispersive than long-lived (planktotrophic) larvae. Although lecithotrophs appeared to speciate more often and accumulate over time in some groups, lecithotrophy also increased extinction rates, and tests for state-dependent diversification were never performed. Molecular phylogenies of diverse groups instead suggested lecithotrophs accumulate without diversifying due to frequent, unidirectional character change. Although lecithotrophy has repeatedly originated in most phyla, no adult trait has been correlated with shifts in larval type. Thus, both the evolutionary origins of lecithotrophy and its consequences for patterns of species richness remain poorly understood. Here, we test hypothesized links between development mode and evolutionary rates using likelihood-based methods and a phylogeny of 202 species of gastropod molluscs in Sacoglossa, a clade of herbivorous sea slugs. Evolutionary quantitative genetics modeling and stochastic character mapping supported 27 origins of lecithotrophy. Tests for correlated evolution revealed lecithotrophy evolved more often in lineages investing in extra-embryonic yolk, the first adult trait associated with shifts in development mode across a group. However, contrary to predictions from paleontological studies, species selection actually favored planktotrophy; most extant lecithotrophs originated through recent character change, and did not subsequently diversify. Increased offspring provisioning in planktotrophs thus favored shifts to short-lived larvae, which led to short-lived lineages over macroevolutionary time scales. These findings challenge long-standing assumptions about the effects of alternative life histories in the sea. Species selection can explain the long-term persistence of planktotrophy, the ancestral state in most clades, despite frequent transitions to lecithotrophy.