Geographically disjunct and ecologically unusual populations of Cladonia apodocarpa from hardwood swamps are reported from southeastern North Carolina, and assignment to that species is confirmed with analyses of nrITS sequence data. The separation of Lecanora cinereofusca var. cinereofusca and L. cinereofusca var. appalachensis is discussed in the light of analyses of mtSSU and nrITS sequence data. Lecanora cinereofusca var. appalachensis is considered to merit recognition at the species level, for which the name L. saxigena Lendemer & R.C. Harris (nomen novum pro L. appalachensis (Brodo) non L. appalachensis Lendemer & R.C. Harris) is introduced. Phlyctis ludoviciensis is formally placed in synonymy with P. boliviensis. Phlyctis willeyi is shown to belong to the genus Leucodecton and the new combination L. willeyi (Tuck.) R.C. Harris is proposed. Piccolia nannaria is hypothesized to be a parasite on Pyrrhospora varians and is shown to be more widespread in the Coastal Plain than previously thought. Schismatomma rappii is revised, illustrated, and shown to be widespread in the Coastal Plain of southeastern North America. Tylophoron hibernicum is confirmed to be the correct name for all North American records of T. protrudens.