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Hummingbirds rapidly respond to the removal of visible light and control a sequence of rate-commanded escape maneuvers in milliseconds

Anwar, Md Zafar1; Tobalske, Bret2; Agrawal, Suyash1; Mongeau, Jean-Michel1; Luo, Haoxiang3; Cheng, Bo1

Published Jul 16, 2024 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9s4mw6mm4

Data files

Jul 16, 2024 version files 79.64 MB

Abstract

Hummingbirds routinely execute a variety of stunning aerobatic feats, which continue to challenge current notions of aerial agility and controlled stability in biological systems. Indeed, the control of these amazing maneuvers is not well understood. Here we examined how hummingbirds control a sequence of maneuvers within milliseconds and tested whether and when they use vision during this rapid process. We repeatedly elicited escape flights in Calliope hummingbirds and removed visible light during each maneuver at various instants and quantified their flight kinematics and responses. We show that the escape maneuvers were composed of rapidly-controlled sequential modules including evasion, reorientation, nose-down dive, forward flight, and nose-up to hover. The hummingbirds did not respond to the light removal during evasion and reorientation until a critical light-removal time; afterward, they showed two categories of luminance-based responses that rapidly altered maneuvering modules to terminate the escape. We also show that hummingbird maneuvers were rate-commanded and required no active braking, i.e., their body angular velocities were proportional to the change of wing motion patterns, a trait that likely alleviates the computational demand on flight control. This work uncovers key traits of hummingbird agility, which can also inform and inspire designs for next-generation agile aerial systems.