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Dryad

Data from: The genomics of mimicry: Gene expression throughout development provides insights into convergent and divergent phenotypes in a Müllerian mimicry system

Data files

Jun 14, 2024 version files 36.82 MB

Abstract

A common goal in evolutionary biology is to discern the mechanisms that produce the astounding diversity of morphologies seen across the tree of life. Aposematic species, those with a conspicuous phenotype coupled with some form of defense, are excellent models to understand the link between vivid color pattern variations, the natural selection shaping it, and the underlying genetic mechanisms underpinning this variation. Mimicry systems in which species share a conspicuous phenotype can provide an even better model for understanding the mechanisms of color production in aposematic species, especially if comimics have divergent evolutionary histories. Here we investigate the genetic mechanisms by which mimicry is produced in poison frogs. We assembled a 6.02 Gbp genome with a contig N50 of 310 Kbp, a scaffold N50 of 390 Kbp, and 85% of expected tetrapod genes. We leveraged this genome to conduct gene expression analyses throughout development of four color morphs of R. imitator and two color morphs from both R. fantastica and R. variabilis which R. imitator mimics. We identified a large number of pigmentation and patterning genes differentially expressed throughout development, many of them related to melanophores/melanin, iridophore development, and guanine synthesis. We also  identify the pteridine synthesis pathway (including genes such as qdpr and xdh) as a key driver of the variation in color between morphs of these species, and identify several plausible candidates for coloration in vertebrates (e.g., cd36, ep-cadherin, perlwapin). Finally, we hypothesize that keratin genes (e.g., krt8) are important for producing different structural colors within these frogs.