Extensive photobiont sharing in a rapidly-radiating cyanolichen clade
Data files
Oct 13, 2020 version files 1.83 MB
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16S_1219bp_109taxa_guidance_093_alignment.fasta
138.33 KB
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16S_1219bp_109taxa_guidance_093_iqtree.tre
18.94 KB
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16S_1359bp_111taxa_gblocks_alignment.fasta
156.42 KB
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16S_1359bp_111taxa_gblocks_iqtree.tre
18.81 KB
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16S_1522bp_115taxa_alignment.fasta
180.79 KB
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16S_1522bp_115taxa_iqtree.tre
18.80 KB
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16S_629bp_109taxa_gblocks_RAxML.tre
10.58 KB
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16S_629bp_109taxa_gblocks.fasta
74.02 KB
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16S_short_47_sequences_haplotypes_order.fasta
16.81 KB
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612_sequences_haplotype_order.fasta
203.05 KB
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alignment_16S_clock_Nostocales.fas
101.98 KB
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alignment_ITS_clock_acantholichen-corella-cora.fas
85.83 KB
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alignment_ITS-nuLSU_clock_dictyonemateae.fas
140.74 KB
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alignment_rbcLX_clock_Nostocales_guidance.fas
36.36 KB
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Cora-Corella-Acantholichen_330_MSA_882bp.txt
313.64 KB
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Cyphellostereum_23_MSA_856bp.txt
22.27 KB
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Dictyonema_142_MSA_987bp.txt
151.58 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_748bp_gblocks_guidance.fasta
92.70 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_770bp_guidance_iqtree_nopart.tre
17.59 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_770bp_guidance_iqtree_part1.tre
17.59 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_770bp_guidance_iqtree_part2.tre
17.59 KB
Oct 23, 2020 version files 1.83 MB
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16S_1219bp_109taxa_iqtree.tre
18.94 KB
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16S_1219bp_109taxa_MSA.fasta
138.33 KB
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16S_1359bp_111taxa_iqtree.tre
18.81 KB
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16S_1359bp_111taxa_MSA.fasta
156.42 KB
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16S_1522bp_115taxa_iqtree.tre
18.80 KB
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16S_1522bp_115taxa_MSA.fasta
180.79 KB
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16S_629bp_109taxa_MSA.fasta
74.02 KB
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16S_629bp_109taxa_RAxML.tre
10.58 KB
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16S_short_47_sequences_haplotypes_order.fasta
16.81 KB
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612_sequences_haplotype_order.fasta
203.05 KB
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alignment_16S_clock_Nostocales.fas
101.98 KB
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alignment_ITS_clock_acantholichen-corella-cora.fas
85.83 KB
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alignment_ITS-nuLSU_clock_dictyonemateae.fas
140.74 KB
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alignment_rbcLX_clock_Nostocales_guidance.fas
36.36 KB
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Cora-Corella-Acantholichen_16S-ITS.txt
226.13 KB
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Cora-Corella-Acantholichen_330_MSA_882bp_iqtree.tre
22.08 KB
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Cyphellostereum_16S_ITS.txt
16.35 KB
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Cyphellostereum_23_MSA_856bp_RAxML_43.tre
2.20 KB
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Dictyonema_142_MSA_987bp_RAxML_43.tre
12.92 KB
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Dictyonema_16S_ITS.txt
95.70 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_748bp_iqtree.tre
17.40 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_748bp_MSA.fasta
92.70 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_770bp_iqtree_nopart.tre
17.59 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_770bp_iqtree_part1.tre
17.59 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_770bp_iqtree_part2.tre
17.59 KB
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rbcLX_106taxa_770bp_MSA.fasta
88.46 KB
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered remarkable diversity Dictyonema s.lat. basidiolichens, here recognized as subtribe Dictyonemateae. This group includes five genera and 148 species, but hundreds more await description. The photobionts of these lichens belong to Rhizonema, a recently resurrected cyanobacterial genus known by a single species. To further investigate photobiont diversity within Dictyonemateae, we generated 765 new cyanobacterial sequences from 635 specimens collected from 18 countries. The ITS barcoding locus supported the recognition of 200 mycobiont (fungal) species among these samples, but the photobiont diversity was comparatively low. Our analyses revealed three main divisions of Rhizonema, with two repeatedly recovered as monophyletic (proposed as new species), and the third mostly paraphyletic. The paraphyletic lineage corresponds to R. interruptum and partnered with mycobionts from all five genera in Dictyonemateae. There was no evidence of photobiont-mycobiont co-speciation, but one of the monophyletic lineages of Rhizonema appears to partner predominantly with one of the two major clades of Cora (mycobiont) with samples collected largely from the northern Andes. Molecular clock estimations indicate the Rhizonema species are much older than the fungal species in the Dictyonemateae, suggesting that these basidiolichens obtained their photobionts from older ascolichen lineages and the photobiont variation in extant lineages of Dictyonemateae is the result of multiple photobiont switches. These results support the hypothesis of lichens representing "fungal farmers", in which diverse mycobiont lineages associate with a substantially lower diversity of photobionts by sharing those photobionts best suited for the lichen symbiosis among multiple and often unrelated mycobiont lineages.