https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.rr4xgxdhk

Description of the data and file structure

These data are from a study of changes in phenology of Baltimore checkerspot butterflies (Euhpydryas phaeton) and their common nectar plants. Data were collected in two sets of sites, one near Boston Massachusetts and one near Baltimore Maryland, with an aim to understanding contemporary spatial variation in nectar plant abundance and phenological overlap, as well as changes in historical phenology.

This package contains five data sets.  Two (“bcb formatted.csv”, “herbarium formatted.csv”) include specimen sightings of Baltimore checkerspot butterflies and common nectar plants (respectively) compiled from museums and herbaria (respectively).  Three describe a study of nectar plants in the field, including information on species abundance and phenology (“transects.csv”), nectar sugar per flower (“nectar.csv”), and floral longevity (“longevity.csv”). The package also includes the R scripts we used to format these data.  Data derived from BAMONA (Butterflies and Moths of North America) have been redacted from these files and need to be downloaded directly from their website (https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org(opens in new window)) with addribution to BAMONA.  Therefore, the code will reproduce the analyses for checkerspot butterfly sighting data, but not lead to the same conclusions unless those data are obtained explicitly.  These rows of data are shown as “NA” for all information except the source of the record.

Files and variables

File: bcb_formatted.csv

Description: records of Baltimore checkerspot butterflies from zoological collections

Variables

• ocurrenceID: The ID number for that record. Most are provided by the database. For UCONN, UWM, and AMNH one of us (JA) assigned ID numbers

• collectionCode: For GBIF and SCAN, the collection code is the abbreviation for the museum the record is from (i.e. MCZ) or the observation network it is from (i.e. iNaturalist). For BAMONA, it’s the name of the group that provided the data. MABC=Massachusetts Butterfly Club, BFNC=Notes on the Butterflies of North Carolina Database, VTBS=Vermont Butterfly Survey. ‘Individual’ means a specific person’s name was provided, and ‘None’ means that the data source was not specified. For UCONN, the collection code is MABA for the Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas Vouchers, Wagner for the Wagner collection, and UCONN for the specimens from the main University of Connecticut collection.

  Other databases/museums have the same collection code for all records.For GBIF and SCAN, the collection code is the abbreviation for the museum the record is from (i.e. MCZ) or the observation network it is from (i.e. iNaturalist). For BAMONA, it’s the name of the group that provided the data. MABC=Massachusetts Butterfly Club, BFNC=Notes on the Butterflies of North Carolina Database, VTBS=Vermont Butterfly Survey. ‘Individual’ means a specific person’s name was provided, and ‘None’ means that the data source was not specified.

  For UCONN, the collection code is MABA for the Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas Vouchers, Wagner for the Wagner collection, and UCONN for the specimens from the main University of Connecticut collection.

  Other databases/museums have the same collection code for all records.

  See the end of this document for full list of collection codes

• database: The database/museum that each record came from.

  AMNH: the American Museum of Natural History

  BAMONA: (Butterflies and Moths of North America):

  https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org

  eButterfly: http://www.e-butterfly.org

  GBIF: (Global Biodiversity Information Facility): https://www.gbif.org

  McGuire: the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity

  SCAN: (Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network): http://scan-bugs.org/portal/

  Smithsonian: the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

  UCONN: University of Connecticut

  UWM: University of Wisconsin-Madison

• basisOfRecord: observation’ if it was a sighting of the butterfly in the wild, and ‘specimen’ if the butterfly is in a museum or other collection. Note: for some records from eButterfly and BAMONA that didn’t have pictures available online, there’s a chance that the observation/specimen classification may not be correct.
• scientificName: Name of the species (Euphydryas phaeton).
• eventDate: Date of collection in MM/DD/YYYY format. Only records that had day, month, and year information are included. For ones that give a range of dates for collection, i.e. 6/19/1954-6/22/1954, the middle date was selected (rounded down if necessary, i.e. 6/20/1954,) and a note was made in the notes column.
• year: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the year.
• month: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the month.
• day: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the day.
• startDayOfYear: Day of the year the butterfly was collected/observed on (leap years taken into account when calculating, starting from January 1 = 1).
• dayCode: The year and day of year together. A variable created to be able to sort records chronologically, since Excel doesn’t recognize dates in the 1800’s as dates.
• lifeStage:
  • ‘adult’ if there is a photograph or notes that verify that it is an adult butterfly.
  • ‘assumed adult’ if it is either a museum specimen that doesn’t have a photograph (a few museum specimens were larvae/pupae), or a BAMONA observation with no photograph where the organism type was listed as ‘Butterfly’ (some listed as butterfly were actually        caterpillars).
  • ‘not listed’ if no information is given about whether it is an adult butterfly. It’s probably   an adult, but there’s no way to be sure.
  • Larva and pupa records have been removed
• lifeStageNotes: Notes about why the life stage is listed as ‘assumed adult’.
• generalNotes: Notes about any abnormalities/issues with the record. Notes in quotation marks came with the record.
• locationNotes: Notes about any issues with the location, or about where the coordinates came from.  Notes in quotation marks came with the record.
• stateProvince: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location.
• county: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location.
• municipality: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location.
• locality: Location information about where the butterfly was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location.
• decimalLatitude: Latitude for the butterfly’s location.
• decimalLongitude: Longitude for the butterfly’s location.
• coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: Measure of confidence in the accuracy of the latitude and longitude.
• coordinateSource: Where the coordinates came from. Either provided by the collector/database, or looked up online using google maps or GEOLocate.
• picture: Is there a picture of the butterfly/specimen available to view online? ‘Y’ for yes, and ‘N’ for no.
• recordedBy: Name of the person who collected/observed the butterfly.
• within.year.duplicate…place.: notes for identifying duplicate specimens
• within.year.duplicate…county.: notes for identifying duplicate specimens
• lat2: latitude rounded to the nearest 0.1
• lon2: longitude rounded to the nearest 0.1
• id: unique identifier used for identifying duplicate specimens

List of Collection Codes for butterflies:

SCAN

ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences Entomology Collection - Live Data

BISON: BugGuide/PollardBase

CU: Clemson University Arthropod Collection

DCH: The Davidson College Entomology Collection

FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Myriapods

GMNH: University of Georgia Collection of Arthropods

HALF: Peter Hall Observations

iNaturalist: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

INHS: Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection

LEPSOC: The Lepidopterists’ Society Season Summary

Lyman: Lyman Entomological Museum

MCMUC: McMaster University Collection

MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University

MISSA: Mississippi Entomological Museum

MMMN: Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature

MSU: The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection

OMNH: The Sam Noble Museum Department of Recent Invertebrates

PU: The Purdue Entomological Research Collection

RALF: Ross A. Layberry Observations

TTRSNHM : Tall Timbers Research Station Natural History Museum

UAM: University of Alberta Museums, E. H. Strickland Entomological Museum

UD: University of Delaware Insect Research Collection

UI: William F. Barr Entomological Museum

UMNH: Entomology Collection at the Natural History Museum of Utah

USNM: United States National Museum, Entomology Collections

UWOC: University of Western Ontario Collection

YPM: Yale Peabody Museum, Entomology Division

GBIF

ACFC: Agriculture Canada, Fredericton Collection

AWC: Alan Wormington Collection

CFSF: Canadian Forestry Service Collection, Fredericton

CNC: Canadian National Collection

EPLV: Espace pour la vie

HYO: Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref.

iNaturalist: iNaturalist Research-grade Observations

NBMC: New Brunswick Museum Collection

OMNH: Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History

RBINS: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences

ROM: Royal Ontario Museum

UGUC: University of Guelph Collection

Ville: Ville de Trois-Rivières Bioblitz

 

BAMONA

MABC: Massachusetts Butterfly Club

BFNC: Notes on the Butterflies of North Carolina Database

VTBS: Vermont Butterfly Survey

Individual: a specific person’s name was provided

None: the data source was not specified

 

UCONN

MABA: Massachusetts Butterfly Atlas

Wagner: the Wagner collection

UCONN: University of Connecticut

 

eButterfly

eButterfly

 

Smithsonian

NMNH

UWM

WIRC

 

McGuire Center

MGCL

 

American Museum of Natural History

AMNH

File: longevity.csv

Description: Counts of how many days an individual flower of a species stays open

Variables

• Year: Year the data were collected (2018 or 2019).
• State: State where the data was collected(Maryland or Massachusetts). Also has Washington, because that’s where the Achillea millefolium data were collected.
• Site: Site where the data were collected.
• PlantID: The scientific name (species and genus) of the plant. If only the genus is known, the species is listed as “sp”.
• CommonName: A common name for the plant species.
• Label: The label number and/or color used to identify the flower in the field.
• DaysOpen: The number of days that the flower was open.If the exact number of days open was unsure (i.e.1 or 2), the lower number was used.
• Notes: Any notes about the data, either copied from the field data sheets or added later.
• StartDate: The first day that data was recorded about that flower.
• Day_X (1-17): The state of the flower on each day it was checked (bud, flower, dead, etc.).

File: nectar.csv

Description: Data for washing flowers in the field, and lab analysis of samples for sugar content

Variables

• PlantID: The scientific name (species and genus) of the plant. If only the genus is known, the species is listed as “sp”.
• CommonName: A common name for the plant species.
• Label: The label number on the tube in which the nectar sample was stored. Many samples had an extra copy stored in a tube with the same number.
• Absorbance: The absorbance of the sample as read by the spectrophotometer.
• Concentration: The sugar concentration of the sample in μg/ml as read by the spectrophotometer. The highest standard was 400 μg/ml, so we can’t accurately quantify the concentration of samples with a reading higher than 400 μg/ml. Samples with a negative concentration have effectively no sugar.
• NumberWashed: The number of individual flowers or florets washed as part of one sample.
• ConcFlower: Concentration divided by NumberWashed, to get the concentration of nectar in a single flower.
• DateAnalyzed: The date that the samples were processed in the lab.
• AnalysisNotes: Any notes regarding the lab analysis of the sample.
• State: State in which the flowers were washed (Maryland or Massachusetts). Also has Washington, because that’s where the Achillea millefolium data was collected.
• Site: Site where the data were collected.  
• CollectionNotes: Any notes regarding the washing of the flower, either copied from the field data sheets or added later.
• DateBagged: The date the flower was bagged to exclude insects from eating the nectar.
• TimeBagged: The time the flower was bagged to exclude insects from eating the nectar.
• DateCollected: The date the flower was washed. Flowers were washed approximately 24 hours after they were bagged.
• TimeCollected: The time the flower was washed. Flowers were washed approximately 24 hours after they were bagged.
• HoursInCooler: How many hours the sample spent in the cooler before being transferred to the -20 freezer.
• DateNeg80: The date the sample was transferred to the -80 freezer.
• DaysNeg20 : The number of days the sample spent in the -20 freezer before being transferred to the -80 freezer.
• DaysNeg80 : The number of days the sample spent in the -80 freezer before being transferred to the -80 freezer.
• TransitDate: For samples collected in Maryland, the date the sample was sent to Massachusetts.
• Melted: For samples collected in Maryland, indicates whether or not the sample melted while in transit to Massachusetts.

File: transects.csv

Description:  Counts of flowering units in transects at each site

Variables

• Year: Year the data wawere s collected. All transect data ares from 2019, because the 2018 transect data were collected following a different protocol.
• Date: Date the data were collected.
• State: State where the data were collected (Maryland or Massachusetts).
• Site: Site where the data were collected.  
• Transect: The transect in which the data were collected. Each site had up to ten 20 m x 1 m transects distributed throughout suitable area in the site.
• PlantID: The scientific name (species and genus) of the plant. If only the genus is known, the species is listed as “sp”.
• CommonName: A common name for the plant species.
• FloweringUnit: What was classified as one “flowering unit” of that species (i.e. single flower, inflorescence, head of a composite flower, etc.). Note: flowering units were classified with different naming conventions in Maryland and Massachusetts.
• Count: How many blooming flowering units of that species were in that transect.
• Notes: Any notes about the data, either copied from the field data sheets or added later.

File: herbarium_formatted.csv

Description: Herbarium specimen records, for use in inferring changes in plant phenology through time

Variables

• ocurrenceID: The ID number for that record, provided by the database.
• database: The database that each record came from. MW for the Consortium of Midwest Herbaria. http://midwestherbaria.org/portal/ ,             NE for the Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria. http://portal.neherbaria.org/portal/
• collectionCode: The collection code is the abbreviation for the museum/collection that the record is from.** **See the end of this document for full list of collection codes.
• basisOfRecord: ‘observation’ if it was a sighting of the plant in the wild, and ‘specimen’ if the plant is in a museum or other collection.
• scientificName: Name of the species of nectar plant.
• genus: Scientific name spilt out into genus and species. This is the genus.
• specificEpithet: Scientific name spilt out into genus and species. This is the species
• eventDate: Date of collection in MM/DD/YYYY format. Only records that had day, month, and year information are included. For ones that give a range of dates for collection, i.e. 6/19/1954-6/22/1954, the middle date was selected (rounded down if necessary, i.e. 6/20/1954,) and a note was made in the notes column.       
• year: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the year.
• month: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the month.
• day: Date of collection split up into three separate columns. This is the day of month.
• startDayOfYear: Date described as day of year during the year it was collected on (leap years taken into account when calculating).
• dayCode: The year and day of year together. A variable created to be able to sort records chronologically, since Excel doesn’t recognize dates in the 1800’s as dates.

• phenology: The life stage of the plant. Determined based on notes, descriptions, or pictures, or provided by the database. The phenology is listed as ‘NA’ if there’s no picture or phenology info provided.

                For ones that were determined based on picture:

                ‘vegetative’: just leaves present

                ‘buds’: just unopened buds

                ‘flowering’: has flowers

                ‘flowering and buds’: has both flowers and unopened buds present

                ‘flowering and fruit’: has both flowers and fruit present

                ‘flowering and buds and fruit’: has flowers, buds, and fruit all present

                ‘fruit’: has fruit but no flowers

                Phenology determination notes for individual species:

                Achillea millefolium: the flowers/buds grow in clusters. I classified a cluster as ‘flowering’ if there were any petals present in the cluster, and ‘buds’ if there were no petals present.

                Galium spp: not recording if it has buds or not, unless it just has buds and no flowers/fruit, due to difficulty in determining what is a bud.

                Rudbeckia hirta: some specimens were collected because they were unusual flower forms/mutations. A note was made if this made it difficult to tell the phenology

                Eutrochium spp: can be difficult to tell the difference between flowers and buds. If a flower has split open, the fruit is visible, even if the plant is not actually fruiting yet.

• phenologyNotes: Notes about issues/difficulties in determining phenology.
• generalNotes: Notes about any abnormalities/issues with the record.
• locationNotes: Notes about any issues with the location, or about where the coordinates came from.
• stateProvince: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is the state or province of collection.
• county: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is the county of collection.
• municipality: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is the municipality (town or city) of collection.
• locality: Location information about where the plant was found, if provided. Only used records that had at least the county or a more specific location. This is other locality information
• decimalLatitude: Latitude for the plant’s location.
• decimalLongitude: Longitude for the plant’s location.
• coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: Measure of confidence in the accuracy of the latitude and longitude.
• picture: Is there a picture of the plant available to view online? ‘Y’ for yes, and ‘N’ for no.
• pictureChecked: Has the picture been checked for phenology/additional location information? ‘Y’ for yes, ‘N’ for no (if the picture hasn’t been checked yet), ‘NA’ for no picture.
• inBCBrange: Is this record from a state/province where Baltimore checkerspots have also been found? ‘Y’ for yes, ‘?’ if the state is unknown but can be determined by checking the picture. All that are ‘N’ for no have been removed.

• buds: Does the plant have buds?

  ‘Y’ for yes

  ‘N’ for no

  ‘maybe’ if the phenology of the plant or the description is unclear and there may be buds

  ‘unknown’ if the phenology of the plant is unknown. In addition, most galium records have ‘unknown’ for buds, due to the difficulties in identifying buds

• flowers: Does the plant have flowers?

                ‘Y’ for yes

                ‘N’ for no

                ‘maybe’ if the phenology of the plant or the description is unclear and there may be flowers

                ‘unknown’ if the phenology of the plant is unknown.            

• fruit: Does the plant have fruit?

                ‘Y’ for yes

                ‘N’ for no

                ‘maybe’ if the phenology of the plant or the description is unclear and there may be fruit

                ‘unknown’ if the phenology of the plant is unknown.            

• coordinateSource: Where the coordinates came from. Either provided by the collector, by the database, or looked up online using google maps or GEOLocate.
• coordinateUncertaintySource: Whether the coordinate uncertainty was included with the record (provided), given by    the website that calculated the coordinates (GEOLocate), or if I calculated it myself (best estimate).
• recordedBy: Name of the person who collected the plant, if provided.
• references: The link from the database to the online record.
• lat2: latitude rounded to the nearest 0.1
• lon2: longitude rounded to the nearest 0.1

• id: unique identifier used for identifying duplicate specimens

• List of Collection Codes for plants:

  Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria (NE)

  A: Harvard University Herbaria, Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum

  ACAD: E. C. Smith Herbarium, Acadia University

  AMES: Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria

  ASRI: Audubon Society of Rhode Island Herbarium

  BART: Bartlett Arboretum Herbarium

  BRU: Brown University Herbarium

  BSN: Boston University, Stuart K. Harris Herbarium

  CBS: Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Connecticut Botanical Society

  CCNL: Connecticut College, Charles B. Graves Herbarium

  CCSU: Central Connecticut State University, Orville Bissett Herbarium

  CHRB: Rutgers University, Chrysler Herbarium

  CONN: University of Connecticut, George Safford Torrey Herbarium

  ECON: Harvard University Herbaria, Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames

  GH: Harvard University Herbaria, The Gray Herbarium

  GRCH: Colgate University, George R. Cooley Herbarium

  HF: Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard Forest Herbarium

  KESC: Keene State College Herbarium

  KIRI: University of Rhode Island Herbarium

  LEH: Lehigh University, Francis J. Trembley Herbarium

  MAINE: University of Maine Herbaria

  MASS: University of Massachusetts Amherst, Herbarium

  MT: Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centre, Marie-Victorin Herbarium

  NEBC: Harvard University Herbaria, New England Botanical Club

  NFLD: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Agnes Marion Ayre Herbarium

  NHA: University of New Hampshire, Albion R. Hodgdon Herbarium

  NY: New York Botanical Garden

  QFA: Herbier Louis-Marie, Université Laval

  SEINet: Southwest Environmental Information Network

  SPWH: MBLWHOI Library Herbarium, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

  VT: University of Vermont, Pringle Herbarium, New England vascular plants

  WCSU: Western Connecticut State University Herbarium

  WGCH: Wilton Garden Club Herbarium

  WSCH: Westfield State University Herbarium

  YPM: Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History

  Consortium of Midwest Herbaria (MW)

  A:  Harvard University Herbaria, Herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum

  AASU: Armstrong State University Herbarium

  ALA: University of Alaska Museum

  ALBC: Albion College

  ANHC: Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission Herbarium

  APCR: Arkansas Tech University Herbarium

  APSC: Austin Peay State University Herbarium

  ARCH: Archbold Biological Station

  ARIZ: University of Arizona Herbarium

  ASC: Northern Arizona University, Deaver Herbarium

  ASU: Arizona State University

  AUA: Auburn University, John D. Freeman Herbarium

  AVCH: City of Alexandria Herbarium

  BALT: Towson University

  BCH: Berry College Herbarium

  BCWS: Burgundy Center for Wildlife Studies, Coopers Cove Herbarium

  BDI: Putnam Museum and Science Center

  BDWR: Bridgewater College Herbarium

  BENN: Bennington College Herbarium

  BEREA: Berea College, Ralph L. Thompson Herbarium

  BHO: Ohio University, Bartley Herbarium

  BOON: Appalachian State University, I. W. Carpenter, Jr. Herbarium

  BRIT: BRIT Philecology Herbarium

  BRU: Brown University Herbarium

  BRY: Brigham Young University, S. L. Welsh Herbarium

  BUT: Butler University, Friesner Herbarium

  CALVIN: Calvin College

  CATU: Catawba College Herbarium

  CAU: Campbell University Herbarium

  CHIC: Chicago Botanic Garden

  CHRB: Rutgers University, Chrysler Herbarium

  CINC: University of Cincinnati, Margaret H. Fulford Herbarium

  CLEMS: Clemson University Herbarium

  CM: Carnegie Museum of Natural History Herbarium

  CMC: Central Michigan University

  CMN: Canadian Museum of Nature

  COLO: University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Herbarium Vascular Plant Collection

  CONV: Converse College Herbarium

  CS: Colorado State University Herbarium

  CSCN: High Plains Herbarium at Chadron State College

  DBG: Kathryn Kalmbach Herbarium

  DEK: Northern Illinois University Herbarium

  DES: Desert Botanical Garden Herbarium

  DOV: Delaware State University, Claude E. Phillips Herbarium

  DSC: Delta State University

  DUKE: Duke University

  ECON: Harvard University Herbaria, Economic Herbarium of Oakes Ames

  ECUH: East Carolina University Herbarium

  EIU: Eastern Illinois University, Stover-Ebinger Herbarium

  EKY: Eastern Kentucky University, Ronald L. Jones Herbarium

  EMC: Eastern Michigan University Herbarium

  ETSU: East Tennessee State University, John C. Warden Herbarium

  F: Field Museum of Natural History

  FARM: Longwood University, Harvill-Stevens Herbarium

  FLAS: University of Florida Herbarium

  FLD: Fort Lewis College Herbarium

  FMUH: Francis Marion University Herbarium

  FSU: Florida State University’s Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium

  FTU: University of Central Florida Herbarium

  FUGR: Furman University, Ives Herbarium

  GA: University of Georgia Herbarium

  GAS: Georgia Southern University Herbarium

  GEO: Emory University Herbarium

  GH: Harvard University Herbaria, The Gray Herbarium

  GMUF: George Mason University, Ted R. Bradley Herbarium

  GREE: UNC Herbarium

  GSW: Georgia Southwestern State University Herbarium

  GVSC: Grand Valley State University

  HBSH: Highlands Biological Station Herbarium

  HCHM: Hope College

  HEND: Henderson State University Herbarium

  HLSD: Hillsdale College Herbarium

  HNT: Huntington Botanical Gardens Herbarium

  HPC: Howard Payne University Herbarium

  HTTU: Tennessee Technological University Herbarium

  HUDC: Howard University Herbarium

  HUNT: Huntington University Herbarium

  HXC: Hendrix College Herbarium

  ICHAUWAY: Jones Center at Ichauway Herbarium

  ILL: University of Illinois Herbarium

  ILLS: Illinois Natural History Survey

  IND: Indiana University Herbarium, Deam Herbarium

  ISTC: University of Northern Iowa, Grant Herbarium

  JEF: Indiana University Southeast Herbarium

  JMUH: James Madison University Herbarium

  KANU: University of Kansas Ronald L. McGregor Herbarium

  KE: Kent State University Herbarium

  KNK: Northern Kentucky University, John W. Thieret Herbarium

  KSP: Pittsburg State University, Theodore M. Sperry Herbarium

  LCDI: Luther College

  LEA: University of Lethbridge Herbarium

  LFCC: Lord Fairfax Community College Herbarium

  LOB: California State University, Long Beach Herbarium

  LSU: Louisiana State University, Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium

  LSUA: Louisiana State University of Alexandria Herbarium

  LSUS: Louisiana State University Shreveport, D. T. MacRoberts Herbarium

  LYN: Lynchburg College, Ramsey-Freer Herbarium

  MARY: University of Maryland, Norton-Brown Herbarium

  MCA: Muhlenberg College

  MDKY: Morehead State University Herbarium

  MEM: University of Memphis Herbarium

  MESA: Colorado Mesa University, Walter A. Kelley Herbarium

  MICH: University of Michigan Herbarium

  MIN: J. F. Bell Museum of Natural History Herbarium

  MISS: University of Mississippi, Thomas M. Pullen Herbarium

  MISSA: Mississippi State University

  MMNS: Mississippi Museum of Natural Science Herbarium

  MO: Missouri Botanical Garden

  MOAR: Morris Arboretum of University of Pennsylvania

  MOR: Morton Arboretum

  MOVC: Cornell College Herbarium

  MSC: Michigan State University

  MSUB: Montana State University - Billings

  MTSU: Middle Tennessee State University

  MU: Miami University, Willard Sherman Turrell Herbarium

  MUHW: Marshall University

  MUR: Murray State University Herbarium

  MWCF: University of Mary Washington Herbarium

  MWI: Western Illinois University, ​R. M. Myers Herbarium

  NBYC: Newberry College Herbarium

  NCSC: North Carolina State University Vascular Plant Herbarium

  NCSM: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Herbarium

  NCU: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Herbarium

  NCZP: North Carolina Zoological Park

  ND: University of Notre Dame, Greene/Nieuwland Herbarium

  NEBC: Harvard University Herbaria, New England Botanical Club

  NHI: Natural History Institute Herbarium

  NLU: University of Louisiana at Monroe Herbarium

  NMC: New Mexico State University Herbarium

  NMCR: New Mexico State University Range Science

  NO: Tulane Herbarium

  NY: New York Botanical Garden

  OBI: Robert F. Hoover Herbarium, Cal Poly State University

  ODU: Old Dominion University Herbarium

  OS: Ohio State University Herbarium

  PAC: Pennsylvania State University Herbarium

  PEMB: University of North Carolina Pembroke Herbarium

  PGC: Petersburg Garden Club Herbarium

  PH: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University

  PIHG: Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry

  POM: California Botanic Garden Herbarium

  RARO: Raven Rock State Park Herbarium

  RENO: University of Nevada Herbarium

  RM: Rocky Mountain Herbarium

  RSA: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Herbarium

  SALK: University of South Carolina Salkehatchie Herbarium

  SAU: St. Ambrose University

  SBAC: Silver Bluff Audubon Center Herbarium

  SBBG: Clifton Smith Herbarium, Santa Barbara Botanic Garden

  SC: Salem College

  SCFS: Sagehen Herbarium

  SDSU: San Diego State University

  SEINet: General Research Observations

  SEL: Marie Selby Botanical Gardens Herbarium

  SELU: Southeastern Louisiana University, Glen N. Montz Herbarium

  SENEY: Seney National Wildlife Refuge

  SIM: Staten Island Museum

  SJNM: San Juan College Herbarium

  SJSU: San Jose State University, Carl W. Sharsmith Herbarium

  SNM: Dale A. Zimmerman Herbarium at Western New Mexico University

  STAR: Arkansas State University

  SUCO: Jewell and Arline Moss Settle Herbarium at SUNY Oneonta

  SWANER: Swaner Preserve and EcoCenter

  SWMT: Rhodes College Herbarium

  TAWES: Maryland Department of Natural Resources

  TENN: University of Tennessee

  TROY: Troy University Herbarium

  TTC: E.L. Reed Herbarium at Texas Tech University

  TTRS: Tall Timbers Research Station

  UAC: University of Calgary Herbarium

  UAM: University of Arkansas at Monticello

  UARK: University of Arkansas Herbarium

  UCAC: University of Central Arkansas Herbarium

  UCHT: University of Tennessee, Chattanooga

  UCR: University of California, Riverside Plant Herbarium

  UNA: University of Alabama

  UNCA: University of North Carolina, Asheville

  UNCC: Mecklenburg County Park and Recreation Herbarium

  UNLV: University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Wesley E. Niles Herbarium

  UNM: University of New Mexico Herbarium

  UOS: University of the South - Sewanee Herbarium

  URV: University of Richmond Herbarium

  USAM: University of South Alabama Herbarium

  USCH: University of South Carolina, A. C. Moore Herbarium

  USCS: University of South Carolina Upstate Herbarium

  USF: University of South Florida Herbarium

  USFWS: Patuxent Research Refuge - Maryland

  USMS: University of Southern Mississippi Herbarium

  USU: Utah State University Eastern

  UT: Garrett Herbarium, Natural History Museum of Utah

  UTM: University of Tennessee Martin Herbarium

  UVSC: Utah Valley University Herbarium

  UWFP: University of West Florida

  UWL: University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse

  UWM: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

  UWSP: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium

  VCU: Virginia Commonwealth University Herbarium

  VDB: Vanderbilt University Herbarium

  VPI: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Massey Herbarium

  VSC: Valdosta State University Herbarium

  VSUH: Virginia State University Herbarium

  VT: University of Vermont, Pringle Herbarium, vascular plants excluding those from New England

  WCUH: Western Carolina University Herbarium

  WET: Wartburg College

  WEWO: Weymouth Woods Sandhills Nature Preserve Herbarium

  WGC: University of West Georgia Herbarium

  WILLI: College of William and Mary Herbarium

  WINU: Winthrop University Herbarium

  WIS: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Herbarium

  WMU: Western Michigan University

  WVA: West Virginia University Herbarium

  WVW: West Virginia Wesleyan College, George B. Rossbach Herbarium       

  WVC: Warren Wilson College Herbarium                     

Access information

Other publicly accessible locations of the data:

• none

Data was derived from the following sources:

• See description in text and meta data