GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Title of Dataset: Enhanced specific loss power of hematite-chitosan nanohybrid synthesized by hydrothermal method
Abstract: We used a hydrothermal technique to develop nano-scale α-Fe2O3 particles and functionalized them with chitosan. An X-ray diffraction study revealed α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were of single-phase, lattice constants were a = 5.07 Å and c = 13.68 Å, and the grain size was 27 nm. The presence of lattice fringes in the HRTEM image confirmed the crystalline nature of the α-Fe2O3. The Mössbauer spectra reveal a mixed relaxation state, which supports the PPMS studies. Zero-field cooled studies revealed the existence of a Morin transition and blocking temperature. The z-average value of the coated particles by DLS was between 218 and 235 nm, PDI ranged from 0.048 to 0.119, and zeta potential was +46.8 mV. We incubated the Vero and HeLa cell lines for 24 hours to study the viability of the nanohybrids at different concentrations. Hyperthermia studies revealed the maximum temperature and specific loss power attained by the hematite-chitosan nanohybrid solution of a concentration between 0.25-4 mg/ml. The Tmax at the lowest and highest concentrations of 0.25 and 4 mg/ml were 42.9 and 48.3ºC, while the SLP were 501.6 and 35.5 W/g, which are remarkably high when the maximum magnetization of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was as small as 1.98 emu/g at 300 K.
Usage Notes:
(i) The structural and magnetic properties of the particles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Tunneling Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
(ii) Colloidal stability of the coated nanoparticles was confirmed by evaluating zeta potential.
(iii) The biocompatibility of the sample was determined from the cytotoxicity test.
(iv) In vitro hyperthermia measurement of different sample concentrations was performed to find the optimum concentration of chitosan-coated hematite. Corresponding specific loss power (SLP) values were calculated.
2. Author Information
A. Principal Investigator Contact Information
Name: Dr. Sheikh Manjura Hoque
Institution: Material Science Division, Atomic Energy
Center Dhaka
Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Email: manjura_hoque@yahoo.com
B. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information
(i) Name: Nandita Deb
Institution: Department of Physics, University of Dhaka
Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Email: nandita6979@gmail.com
(ii) Name: Rimi Rashid
Institution: Material Science Division, Atomic Energy Center
Dhaka
Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Email: rimichan15@gmail.com
(iii) Name: Harinarayan Das
Institution: Material Science Division, Atomic Energy Center
Dhaka
Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Email: hn_das@gmail.com
(iv) Name: Ishtiaque M. Syed
Institution: Department of Physics, University of Dhaka
Address: Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Email: imsyed@du.ac.bd
3. Date of data collection (single date\, range\, approximate date): 2018-2021
4. Geographic location of data collection: Atomic Energy Center Dhaka\, Bangladesh

5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: International Science Programme\, University\, Sweden\, the Ministry of Science and Technology\, the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh\, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission\, and the Center for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS)\, the University of Dhaka.
SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION
1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: NA
2. Links to publications that cite or use the data: None
3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None
4. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None
5. Was the data derived from another source? No
A. If yes, list source(s): NA
6. Recommended citation for this dataset: None
DATA & FILE OVERVIEW
1. File List:
A) XRD_Data.csv
B) mossbaur_data.csv
C) (i) FTIR_Fe2O3(coated).csv
(ii) FTIR_Fe2O3(un-coated).csv
D) (i) TEM_micrographs.png
(ii)TEM_Particle_size.csv
F) (i) MH_4K_9T_Uncoated.csv
(ii) MH_300K_9T_Uncoated.csv
(iii) MH_4K_9T_Coated.csv
(iv) MH_300K_9T_Coated.csv

G) (i) ZFC_FC_H_50 Oe.csv
(ii) ZFC_FC_H_1000 Oe.csv
(iii) ZFC_FC_H_10kOe.csv
(iv) ZFC_FC_H_30kOe.csv
(v) ZFC_FC_H_60kOe.csv
(vi) ZFC_FC_H_90kOe.csv
H) (i) DLS_Data.csv
(ii) Temp_Z_avg.csv
(iii) PDI.csv
I) Zeta_potential.csv
J) (i) Cytotoxicity_Vero.csv
(ii) Cytotoxicity_HeLa.csv
K) Hyperthermia_data.csv
H) SLP_data.csv
2. Relationship between files\, if important: None
3. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: None
4. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? No
A. If yes, name of file(s) that was updated: NA
i. Why was the file updated? NA
ii. When was the file updated? NA
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: XRD_Data.csv
This dataset was used to create Figure 1 (a).
X-Ray Diffraction: In the present work, a Philips X’Pert Pro X-ray diffractometer (PW3040) was used to study the crystalline phases of the prepared samples. It uses a Cu target for X-ray production and uses a nickel filter to yield monochromatic CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54 Å). For all the measurements of α-Fe2O4, powder specimens were exposed to CuKα radiation with a primary beam power of 40kV and 30mA with a sampling pitch of 0.0167º, and the time for each data collection step was 1 second. A scan was taken from 10º to 80º to get possible fundamental peaks of the sample. The programmable divergence slit was used to control the irradiated beam area and the programmable receiving slit was used to control output intensity. Powder diffraction data were analyzed using the software X’Pert High Score. Instrumental broadening of the system was determined from θ to 2θ scan. At (110) reflection’s position of the peak, the value of instrumental broadening was found to be 0.07º. This value of instrumental broadening was subtracted from the pattern. After that, using the XRD data, the lattice constant and hence the X-ray densities were calculated. The peak positions, intensities, widths, and shapes- all provide important information about the structure of the material.
1. Number of variables: 2
2. Number of cases/rows: 2751
3. Variable List:
* 2 Theta (degree): The XRD scan was performed on a powder sample for
a 2θ angle range of 15-70 degrees
* Intensity (counts): significant peaks associated with unique crystal plane that can be ascribed to crystalline structures corresponding to pure α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles
4. Missing data codes: None
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: mossbaur_data.csv
This dataset was used to create Figure 1 (b).
Mössbauer spectroscopy: In Mössbauer spectroscopy, a solid sample is exposed to a beam of gamma radiation, and a detector measures the intensity of the beam transmitted through the sample. The atoms in the source emitting the gamma rays must be of the same isotope as the atoms in the sample absorbing them. If the emitting and absorbing nuclei were in identical chemical environments, the nuclear transition energies would be exactly equal, and resonant absorption would be observed with both materials at rest. The difference in chemical environments, however, causes the nuclear energy levels to shift in a few different ways. Although these energy shifts are tiny, the extremely narrow spectral line widths of gamma rays for some radionuclides make the small energy shifts correspond to large changes in absorbance. To bring the two nuclei back into resonance it is necessary to change the energy of the gamma-ray slightly, and in practice, this is always done using the Doppler Effect. During Mössbauer absorption spectroscopy, the source is accelerated through a range of velocities using a linear motor to produce a Doppler effect and scan the gamma-ray energy through a given range. In the resulting spectra, gamma ray intensity is plotted as a function of the source velocity. At velocities corresponding to the resonant energy levels of the sample, a fraction of the gamma rays are absorbed, resulting in a drop in the measured intensity and a corresponding dip in the spectrum. The number, positions, and intensities of the peaks provide information about the chemical environment of the absorbing nuclei and can be used to characterize the sample. Three parameters are found from Mössbauer Spectroscopy. They are:
Isomer shift - Isomer shift occurs due to a difference in the s-electron environment between the source and absorber thus producing a shift in the resonance energy of the transition. This shifts the whole spectrum positively or negatively depending upon the s-electron density and sets the centroid of the spectrum.
Quadruple splitting - Quadruple splitting occurs in the presence of an asymmetrical electric field (produced by an asymmetric electronic charge distribution) which splits the nuclear energy levels. Fe in ferrite has an isotope with angular momentum quantum number, I=3/2 excited state. The excited state is split into two sub-states mI=±1/2 and mI=±3/2, giving a two-line spectrum or ‘doublet’.
Hyperfine splitting - Magnetic fields, if present, split nuclear levels with a spin of I into (2I+1) sub-states. This is known as hyperfine splitting. In nickel ferrite 57Fe transitions between the excited state and ground state can only occur where mI changes by 0 or 1. This gives six possible transitions for a 3/2 to 1/2 transition, giving a ‘sextet’.
Mössbauer spectra were acquired using a resonant gamma-ray spectrometer having a transmission geometry, and constant acceleration mode with a transducer velocity of 11 mm/s. Before the start of the measurement, the spectrometer was calibrated using a metallic iron foil as a sample, and zero velocity was taken as the centroid of the Mössbauer spectrum. The Mössbauer data were acquired at room temperature and zero magnetic fields and acquisition time was 72 hours.
1. Number of variables: 7
2. Number of cases/rows: 513
3. Variable List:
* Velocity (mm/sec): Mössbauer spectra were acquired using a transmission geometry resonant gamma-ray spectrometer in constant acceleration mode with a transducer velocity of 11 mm/s.
* Ex (Absorption %): Observed Experimental Values

* Th (Absorption %): Obtained Theoretical Values

* S1 (Absorption %): absorption associated with Sextet 1 pattern
* S2 (Absorption %): absorption associated with Sextet 2 pattern
* S3 (Absorption %): absorption associated with Sextet 3 pattern
* S4 (Absorption %): absorption associated with doublet pattern
4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) FTIR_Fe2O3(coated).csv
(ii) FTIR_Fe2O3(un-coated).csv
These datasets were used to create Figure 1 (c).

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to observe the properties of a solid, liquid, or gas. It is used in many applications to measure matter’s absorption, emission, and photoconductivity by shining a narrow beam of infrared light at the matter in various wavelengths and detecting how the matter responds to each wavelength. Once the data has been obtained, it is converted into digital information using a mathematical algorithm known as the “Fourier transformation.” The main aim of different absorption spectroscopy (FT-IR, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, etc.) is to determine how well a sample absorbs light at various wavelengths. The basic way to do this is to shine a monochromatic light beam at a sample, calculate how much of the beam is absorbed, and repeat the process for each different wavelength. In the case of Fourier transform spectroscopy instead of using a monochromatic light beam, a beam containing many frequencies of light is used, and how much of that beam is absorbed by the sample. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high spectral resolution data over a wide spectral range. FTIR spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules absorb frequencies that are characteristic of their structure. These absorptions are resonant frequencies, i.e., the frequency of the absorbed radiation matches the vibrational frequency. The spectrum of a sample is recorded by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. When the frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond or collection of bonds, absorption occurs. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each frequency (or wavelength). This measurement can be achieved by scanning the wavelength range using a monochromator. Alternatively, the entire wavelength range is measured using a Fourier transform instrument and then a transmittance or absorbance spectrum is generated using a dedicated procedure.
The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy measurements were obtained by FTIR spectroscopy, model: STA, 449 F3, Jupiter, UK. FTIR spectrum of uncoated and chitosan-coated iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles was taken in the range of 400-4000 cm-1.
1. Number of variables: 2
2. Number of cases/rows: 1828
3. Variable List:
* Wavenumber (cm-1): The FTIR spectra of uncoated and hematite-chitosan nanohybrid were collected in the 400-4000 cm−1 range.

* Transmittance (%): The spectrum of a sample is recorded by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. When the frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond or collection of bonds, absorption occurs. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each frequency (or wavelength). This measurement can be achieved by scanning the wavelength range using a monochromator.

4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) TEM_micrographs.png
(ii)TEM_Particle_size.csv
These datasets were used to create Figure 2.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen; the image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be detected by a sensor such as a charge-coupled device. TEM can be used to analyze crystal structure and features in the structure like dislocations and grain boundaries, the growth of layers, their composition, and defects in semiconductors. High resolution can be used to analyze the quality, shape, size, and density of quantum wells, wires, and dots.
The size and morphology of the sample were analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Model: TALOS F200 G2, FEI Company, USA. The operating voltage of TEM was 200 kV. For TEM analysis, the samples were dispersed in ethanol through sonication for 15 minutes and drop-casting on an electron-transparent carbon-coated Cu grid, followed by drying.
(i) TEM_micrographs.png
This image file contains TEM micrographs of the (a) uncoated α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, (b) EDS spectrum of uncoated α- Fe2O3 nanoparticles (c) chitosan-coated α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, (d) the HRTEM image which demonstrates the lattice fringe of crystalline particles, (e) SAED patterns α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles.
(i) TEM_ Particle_size.csv
This data set was used to measure the size and particle size distribution curve of the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The data was obtained from TEM_micrographs.png using ImageJ software.
1. Number of variables: 2
2. Number of cases/rows: 22
3. Variable List:
* Obs no: Number of observations

* Area: Area of each spherical nanoparticle

* Mean: Mean value
* Min: Minimum value
* Max: Maximum value
* Angle: in degree

* Length (nm): length of the nanoparticles in nm (nanometer)

4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) MH_4K_9T_Uncoated.csv
(ii) MH_300K_9T_Uncoated.csv
(iii) MH_4K_9T_Coated.csv
(iv) MH_300K_9T_Coated.csv
These datasets were used to create Figure 3.
The typical magnetization curve can be divided into three regions. 1. Reversible region: the material can be reversibly magnetized or demagnetized. Charges in magnetization occur due to the rotation of the domains with the field. 2. Irreversible region: Domain wall motion is irreversible, and the slope increases greatly. 3. Saturation region: Irreversible domain rotation. It is characterized by a required large amount of energy to rotate the domains in the direction of the field. If the field is reduced from saturation, with eventual reversal of field direction, the magnetization curve does not retrace its original path, resulting in a hysteresis loop. This effect is due to a decrease in magnetization at a lower rate. The area inside the hysteresis loop is indicative of magnetic energy losses during the magnetization process. When the field reaches zero, the material may remain magnetized (i.e., some domains are oriented in the former direction). This residual magnetization is commonly called remanence. To reduce this remanent magnetization to zero, a field in the opposite direction must be applied. The magnitude of the field required to lower the sample magnetization to zero is called coercivity, Hc. M-H loops are plotted to find the intrinsic properties like saturation magnetization, Ms, coercivity, Hc, remanence, Mr, and other relevant parameters. Quantum Design physical property measurement system (PPMS) model: Inc.10307, Quantum Design, USA, was used for this purpose. The basic measurement is accomplished by oscillating the sample near a detection (pickup) coil and synchronously detecting the voltage induced. By using a compact gradiometer pickup coil configuration, a relatively large oscillation amplitude (1-3 mm peak), and a frequency of 40 Hz, the system can resolve magnetization changes of less than 10-6 emu at a data rate of 1 Hz. The VSM option for the PPMS consists primarily of a VSM linear motor transport (head) for vibrating the sample, a coil set puck for detection, electronics for driving the linear motor transport and detecting the response from the pickup coils, and a copy of the MultiVu software application for automation and control. The sample is attached to the end of a sample rod that is driven sinusoidally. The center of oscillation is positioned at the vertical center of a gradiometer pickup coil. The precise position and amplitude of oscillation are controlled from the VSM motor module using an optical linear encoder signal readback from the VSM linear motor transport. The voltage induced in the pickup coil is amplified and lock-in is detected in the VSM detection module. The VSM detection module uses the position encoder signal as a reference for synchronous detection. This encoder signal is obtained from the VSM motor module, which interprets the raw encoder signals from the VSM linear motor transport. The VSM detection module detects the in-phase and quadrature-phase signals from the encoder and amplified voltage from the pickup coil. These signals are averaged and sent over the CAN bus to the VSM application running on the PC. PPMS system properties: 1. Temperature range: 1.9 K - 400 K. 2. Magnetic field: up to 16 Tesla.3. Magnetic field ramp rate: determined by magnet and power supply. 4. Temperature and magnetic field may be ramped during the measurement.
The Physical Property Measurement (PPMS) System, model: Inc.10307, Quantum Design, USA, was used to measure the magnetic moment at 300 K (room temperature) and 4 K. The magnetic moment of the sample was measured from –90 kOe to + 90kOe (i.e., from -9 T to +9 T).
1. Number of variables: 2
2. Number of cases/rows: (i) 5359\, (ii)5275\, (iii)3018\, (iii)3018
3. Variable List:
* Magnetic Field (kOe): Applied magnetic field from –90 kOe to +90 kOe
* Moment (emu/g): Corresponding magnetic moment to the applied magnetic field in emu/g unit

4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) ZFC_FC_H_50 Oe.csv
(ii) ZFC_FC_H_1000 Oe.csv
(iii) ZFC_FC_H_10kOe.csv
(iv) ZFC_FC_H_30kOe.csv
(v) ZFC_FC_H_60kOe.csv
(vi) ZFC_FC_H_90kOe.csv
These datasets were used to create Figure 4.
The data for zero field cooling (ZFC) magnetization were obtained by cooling the sample to 4 K in the absence of a magnetic field and after that, the magnetic field was applied. The applied fields were 50 Oe, 1000 Oe, 10 kOe, 30 kOe, 60 kOe, and 90 kOe respectively. The magnetization data were taken while heating the sample to 400 K. For field cooling (FC) magnetization, the sample was cooled from 400 K down to 4 K in the presence of the same magnetic field as in the ZFC measurement, and the data for magnetization were measured while the sample was heated up to 400 K.
1. Number of variables: 3
2. Number of cases/rows: (i) 202\, (ii) 201\, (iii) 201\, (iv) 201\, (v)201\,
(v) 201, (vi) 201
3. Variable List:
* Temperature (K): Obtained temperature from 4K to 400 K
* Moment(emu/g) for ZFC: Associated magnetic moment in emu/g unit for
Zero Field Cooling (ZFC)

* Moment(emu/g) for FC: Associated magnetic moment in emu/g unit for
Field Cooling (FC)

4. Missing data codes: None
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) DLS_Data.csv
(ii) Temp_Z_avg.csv
(iii) PDI.csv
These datasets were used to create Figure 5 (a-c).
Dynamic light scattering, also known as photon correlation spectroscopy or quasi-elastic light scattering, is a technique that primarily measures the Brownian motion of macromolecules in solution that arises due to bombardment from solvent molecules and relates this motion to the size (or Dτ) of particles. Such motion of macromolecules depends on their size, temperature, and solvent viscosity. In this present work, the sample’s Z-average values were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) machine, model: ZEN 3600, Zetasizer, Malvern, U.K. The Z-average value of the chitosan-coated iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) magnetic nanoparticles of concentrations 1.0 mg/ml was taken at 25 ◦C (room temperature), 37 ◦C (human body temperature), and 45 ◦C (hyperthermia temperature) respectively.
(i) DLS_Data.csv
1. Number of variables: 4
2. Number of cases/rows: 55
3. Variable List:
* Diameter (nm): Z-average values of the synthesized nanocomposite in
nm unit
* Differential Intensity (%) at 25◦C: Absorption peaks associated
with certain Z-average values observed when the temperature
was 25◦C
* Differential Intensity (%) at 37◦C: Absorption peaks associated
with certain Z-average values observed when the temperature
was 37◦C
* Differential Intensity (%) at 45◦C: Absorption peaks associated
with certain Z-average values observed when the temperature
was 45◦C

(ii) Temp_Z_avg.csv
1. Number of variables: 3

2. Number of cases/rows: 3
3. Variable List:
* Temperature (°C): Three different temperatures were used
* Z-average value (nm): Obtained Z-average values at different
temperatures

* Std Deviation: Corresponding standard deviation for each Z-average
value.
(iii) PDI.csv
1. Number of variables: 3

2. Number of cases/rows: 3
3. Variable List:
* Temperature (°C): Three different temperatures were used
* Polydispersity Index (PDI): Obtained PDI values at different
temperatures

* Std Deviation: Corresponding standard deviation for each PDI
value.
4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Zeta_potential.csv
This dataset was used to create Figure 5 (d).
Zeta Potential is an important tool for understanding the state of the nanoparticle surface and predicting the long-term stability of the nanoparticle. Nanoparticles have a surface charge that attracts a thin layer of ions of opposite charge to the nanoparticle surface. This double layer of ions travels with the nanoparticle as it diffuses throughout the solution. The electric potential at the boundary of the double layer is known as the Zeta potential of the particles and has values that typically range from +100 mV to -100 mV. The magnitude of the zeta potential is predictive of colloidal stability. Nanoparticles with Zeta Potential values greater than +25 mV or less than -25 mV typically have high degrees of stability. Dispersions with a low zeta potential value will eventually aggregate due to Van Der Waal inter-particle attractions. It should be noted that it does not matter whether the zeta potential is positive or negative it’s the magnitude that is important. The sample’s zeta potential was investigated by a dynamic light scattering (DLS) machine, model: ZEN 3600, Zetasizer, Malvern, U.K. For the chitosan-coated iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles of 1.0 mg/ml concentrated sample, the observed value of Zeta potential was +46.8 mV.
1. Number of variables: 2
2. Number of cases/rows: 15
3. Variable List:
* Apparent Zeta Potential (mV): Observed values of zeta potential of
the synthesized sample in the mV (milli volt) unit

* Total Counts: absorption associated at a certain zeta potential

4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: (i) Cytotoxicity_Vero.csv
(ii) Cytotoxicity_HeLa.csv
These datasets were used to create Figures 6 (h) and 7 (h) respectively.
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. Cells exposed to a cytotoxic compound can respond in several ways. The cells may undergo necrosis, in which they lose membrane integrity and die rapidly because of cell lysis; they can stop growing and dividing; or they can activate a genetic program of controlled cell death, termed apoptosis. Cells undergoing necrosis typically exhibit rapid swelling, lose membrane integrity, shut down metabolism, and release their contents into the environment. The cytotoxicity of the hematite-chitosan nanohybrid was investigated by introducing the sample solution (water as the solvent) into the Vero cell line, an African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line, and HeLa, a human cervical carcinoma cell line. Both were maintained in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagles’ Medium) containing 1% penicillin-streptomycin (1:1) 0.2% gentamycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells (3x10^4/200 µL) were seeded onto 24 well plates and incubated at 37 ◦C + 5% CO2. The next day, 50 µL samples (autoclaved) were added to each well. After 48 h of incubation, insoluble samples were washed out with fresh media, and cytotoxicity was examined under an inverted light microscope. Duplicate wells were used for each sample.

1. Number of variables: 2
2. Number of cases/rows: 7
3. Variable List:
* Medium: Type and concentrations of the medium used

* Cell Survivability (%): Percentage of the cell survival in
the respected medium

4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Hyperthermia_data.csv
This dataset was used to create Figure 8 (a-b).
Hyperthermia measurement: The hyperthermia measurements were carried out in an induction heating setup. Induction heating is a convenient and flexible method to deliver high-strength magnetic fields to nanoparticles, resulting in a focused and targeted treatment that is gaining considerable interest in the medical research community. Induction heating systems are used in thermotherapy to generate alternating magnetic fields in the laboratory to elevate and manage the temperature of a solution of nanoparticles in vitro or (in animal studies) in vivo. The induction heating setup consists of a high-frequency power supply that takes the input from the alternating current (AC)line mains. This power supply unit converts regular line frequency (50 or 60 Hz) to a high-frequency signal, typically operating between 10 and 400 kHz. This high-oscillating signal is then fed to a tank circuit that feeds the water-cooled induction heating coil. The high-frequency signal generates a high-frequency magnetic field inside the induction heating coil. The sample consisting of the nanoparticle mixture is placed inside this induction heating coil. It interacts with the high-frequency magnetic field and produces heat. An optional fiber-optic thermocouple can be used to measure the temperature of the nanoparticle mixture. The thermocouple is immune to radio frequency interference and can be used during the heat cycle. Its output can then be fed to a controller that can regulate the rate of increase of temperature as well as maintain a particular sample at temperature for a specific amount of time. Typical induction heating coils are made of hollow copper tubes with water as a cooling medium flowing through the inside. The most common type of coil is a simple solenoid or a helical coil. The copper coil is described by the size of the copper tube, the inside diameter (d = 2a, where a is the radius) bore produced by the wound copper tube, the number of turns (N) of the copper tube, and the length (L) of the entire stack of the copper tubes. The current (I) flows through the copper to create the magnetic field. The magnetic field intensity is the largest in the center of the coil and drops off as one traverse to the ends of the coil. The heat produced by the resistance heating of the copper of the coil might radiate to the sample and distort the absolute heating attained in the sample. A simple but innovative solution counteracts this heating effect. A 1.5875mm (0.0625 in.) diameter non-conducting tube made of synthetic fluorine-containing resin is wound in the shape of a solenoid and placed between the sample and the induction heating coil. Care is taken that this solenoid does not physically touch the sample or the copper of the coil to prevent any conductive heat transfer. Air is then blown through the solenoid to dissipate any heat coming from the induction coil to the sample. This isolates the sample from any external heat input and only true heat produced in the nanoparticles is measured using the fiber-optic thermometer. Then the recorded temperature is plotted as a function of the duration of the applied magnetic field to determine the heating properties of the nanomaterials.
A hyperthermia measurement system, the model: EASY HEAT 5060LI, Ambrell, U.S.A., was utilized to analyze the heating profiles of the nanoparticle. The hyperthermia system consists of an 8-turn sample coil with a diameter of 4 cm. During the hyperthermia experiment, the coil current was 283 A, and the frequency of the coil signal was 343 kHz, generating a magnetic field of 26 mT in the sample coil. We measured temperature with time with 600 µl of sample in an Eppendorf tube of various concentrations of 0.25. 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/ml with the AC magnetic field amplitude of 26 mT. After removing the magnetic field, the temperature of the sample was measured using a thermometer by stopping the magnetic field.
1. Number of variables: 6
2. Number of cases/rows: 12
3. Variable List:
* Time (sec): Time taken in seconds to obtain the temperature
* Temperature (°C) 4 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 4 mg/ml
concentration sample during the running time.

* Temperature (°C) 2 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 2 mg/ml
concentration sample during the running time.

* Temperature (°C) 1 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 1 mg/ml
concentration sample during the running time.

* Temperature (°C) 0.5 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 0.5
mg/ml concentration sample during the running time.
* Temperature (°C) 0.25 mg/ml: Maximum temperature achieved by 0.25
mg/ml concentration sample during the running time.

4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None
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DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: SLP_data.csv
This dataset was used to create Figure 8(c).
The specific loss power (SLP) can be explicitly related to the measured heating by, SLP = (C/m) dT/dt. where C is the heat capacity of the solution sample (i.e., nanoparticles and suspending medium), m is the mass of the magnetic nanoparticle, and the temperature increment rate ∆T/∆t was estimated from the initial slope in the linear range of temperature vs. time curves. The heat capacity of the water, 4.18 J/g/◦C is considered the sample’s heat capacity since the concentration of the magnetic nanoparticle is very small.
1. Number of variables: 2
2. Number of cases/rows: 5
3. Variable List:
* Concentration (mg/ml): Samples of different concentrations were used

* Specific Loss Power (W/g): Calculated SLP values in W/g observed for each
concentration.

4. Missing data codes: NA
5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: None