Evidence of reproduction in the wild demonstrates initial success for reintroducing a critically endangered saproxylic hoverfly to a Scottish forest ecosystem
Data files
Jul 07, 2025 version files 89.08 KB
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AFD_2021.csv
8.23 KB
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AFD_2022.csv
13.75 KB
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AFD_2023.csv
10.16 KB
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README.md
7.73 KB
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WLS_2022.csv
18.66 KB
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WLS_2023.csv
30.54 KB
Abstract
Saproxylic insects play a crucial role in forest ecosystems and serve as indicators of forest health. Such species are sensitive to commercial forestry management and have been historically overlooked by conservation. Insects in general are underrepresented in conservation translocation programs, but this is especially true for saproxylic insects, among which saproxylic Diptera are particularly neglected, despite being as speciose as better-studied orders like Coleoptera. Here, we report on the first five years of a large-scale conservation breeding and reintroduction effort for a saproxylic syrphid, the pine hoverfly (Blera fallax), which, in the UK, was restricted to just one site in Scotland and is classed as UK Critically Endangered. Starting with 25 founders collected from the remnant UK population, our zoo-based conservation breeding programme has produced ~8,000 pine hoverfly larvae per year for three years. This, combined with extensive habitat management at reintroduction sites, has enabled the release of 12,720 pine hoverfly larvae and 43 adults across three sites over two years. Post-release monitoring has so far found evidence of successful pine hoverfly reproduction at two of our three reintroduction sites. Despite these successes, we are conscious that we remain in the establishment phase of the reintroduction programme. Our work demonstrates that, with sufficient investment and resources, pine hoverflies (and thus, potentially, similar species) can be bred at scale for conservation release programmes, that releases of such species can lead to successful reproduction in the wild, and that establishing self-sustaining populations requires long-term commitment, which should not be underestimated by those undertaking similar work.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.tht76hf9s
Description of the data and file structure
We collected data from our ex-situ breeding programme for pine hoverfly (Blera fallax) on dates of pupation, dates of adult emergence, sex, and adult lifespans in the adult flight season in 2021, 2022, and 2023 at RZSS Highland Wildlife Park, Scotland. We also present data from pine hoverfly larval surveys at three release sites for animals from the breeding programme in the Strathspey area of the Cairngorms National Park. All missing data represented as NA.
Files and variables
File: AFD_2021.csv
Description:
This file contains the raw data from 2021 to reproduce the analyses on the ex-situ breeding population at Highland Wildlife Park
Variables in this file are coded as follows
- Year laid: The calendar year that a given individual was prodcued as an egg
- Pupa pot: Unique Identifier for that individual that year
- Date pupa found: Calendar date the individual was found to have commenced pupation - note, this does not mean this was the exact date the individual commenced pupation as larval mesocosms are not checked for pupae daily
- Sex: The sex of the individual - note sex can only be determined for adult flies so if the individual failed to emerge from pupation, the sex will be unknown
- Death date: Calendar date each individual adult fly died - note, "Missing" in this field indicates that the body was never found and "Did not emerge" indicates that the individual failed to emerge from pupation
- Euthanasia?: Indicates whether an individual lived its full lifespan or was euthanised by vets for welfare reasons - note, individuals that were euthanised were not included in calculations of mean adult lifespans
- Adult lifespan (days): The lifespan of each individual in days
NA values in the data indicate that no values are available for that variable.
File: AFD_2022.csv
Description:
This file contains the raw data from 2022 to reproduce the analyses on the ex-situ breeding population at Highland Wildlife Park
Variables in this file are coded as follows
- Year laid: The calendar year that a given individual was produced as an egg
- Pupa pot: Unique Identifier for that individual that year
- Date pupa found: Calendar date the individual was found to have commenced pupation - note, this does not mean this was the exact date the individual commenced pupation as larval mesocosms are not checked for pupae daily
- Sex: The sex of the individual - note sex can only be determined for adult flies so if the individual failed to emerge from pupation, the sex will be unknown
- Death date: Calendar date each individual adult fly died - note, "Missing" in this field indicates that the body was never found and "Did not emerge" indicates that the individual failed to emerge from pupation
- Euthanasia?: Indicates whether an individual lived its full lifespan or was euthanised by vets for welfare reasons - note, individuals that were euthanised were not included in calculations of mean adult lifespans
- Adult lifespan (days): The lifespan of each individual in days
NA values in the data indicate that no values are available for that variable.
File: AFD_2023.csv
Description:
This file contains the raw data from 2023 to reproduce the analyses on the ex-situ breeding population at Highland Wildlife Park
Variables in this file are coded as follows
- Year laid: The calendar year that a given individual was produced as an egg
- Pupa pot: Unique Identifier for that individual that year
- Date pupa found: Calendar date the individual was found to have commenced pupation - note, this does not mean this was the exact date the individual commenced pupation as larval mesocosms are not checked for pupae daily
- Sex: The sex of the individual - note sex can only be determined for adult flies so if the individual failed to emerge from pupation, the sex will be unknown
- Death date: Calendar date each individual adult fly died - note, "Missing" in this field indicates that the body was never found and "Did not emerge" indicates that the individual failed to emerge from pupation
- Euthanasia?: Indicates whether an individual lived its full lifespan or was euthanised by vets for welfare reasons - note, individuals that were euthanised were not included in calculations of mean adult lifespans
- Adult lifespan (days): The lifespan of each individual in days
NA values in the data indicate that no values are available for that variable.
File: WLS_2022.csv
Description:
This file contains the raw data from the 2022 pine hoverfly larval surveys in each of our three release sites in the Strathspey are of the Cairngorms National Park to reproduce the analyses on the released populations of pine hoverfly. All location data is redacted to protect this Critically Endangered Species
Variables in this file are coded as follows
- Site: Indicates which of the three release sites (identified as 1, 2, or 3) the data is from ***
- Tree tag: Unique identifier for each artificial rot hole
- Larval release date: Calendar date that pine hoverfly larvae were released into each artificial rot hole
- Number of Blera fallax larvae released: The number of pine hoverfly larvae that were released in each artificial rot hole
- Survey date: Calendar date of larval survey
- Blera fallax: Number of pine hoverfly (Blera fallax) larvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Myathropa florea: Number of Myathropa florealarvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Calicera rufa: Number of Calicera rufa larvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Xylota spp..: Number of Xylota spp.. larvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Stump viability: Assessment made during larval survey of how much water each artificial rothole was holding
NA values in the data indicate that no values are available for that variable.
File: WLS_2023.csv
Description:
This file contains the raw data from the 2023 pine hoverfly larval surveys in each of our three release sites in the Strathspey are of the Cairngorms National Park to reproduce the analyses on the released populations of pine hoverfly. All location data is redacted to protect this Critically Endangered Species
Variables in this file are coded as follows
- Site: Indicates which of the three release sites (identified as 1, 2, or 3) the data is from**
- Tree tag: Unique identifier for each artificial rot hole
- Larval release date: Calendar date that pine hoverfly larvae were released into each artificial rot hole
- Number of Blera fallax larvae released: The number of pine hoverfly larvae that were released in each artificial rot hole
- Survey date: Calendar date of larval survey
- Blera fallax: Number of pine hoverfly (Blera fallax) larvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Myathropa florea: Number of Myathropa florealarvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Calicera rufa: Number of Calicera rufa larvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Xylota spp..: Number of Xylota spp.. larvae detected in a given artificial rot hole during the larval survey
- Stump viability: Assessment made during larval survey of how much water each artificial rothole was holding
NA values in the data indicate that no values are available for that variable.