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Dryad

Temperature-dependent interspecific interference alters pygmy backswimmer predation on water fleas

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May 29, 2025 version files 2.94 KB

Abstract

Co-occurring predators may compete for the same prey, with interactions among them potentially modifying predator-prey dynamics. Although predator-prey interactions are often studied in the context of direct competition, less attention has been given to how non-competing predators influence the foraging of other predators by their physical presence. Abiotic factors like temperature also can shape such interactions by influencing the behaviour of prey, predator, or other species occupying the same space. This study investigates how increasing densities of a non-competing predator – the water mite Arrenurus sp. – and increasing water temperature (16°C and 25°C) affect the functional response of the pygmy backswimmer, Neoplea striola, eating juvenile Daphnia magna. The functional responses were Type II across all treatments. Functional responses became shallower as water mite densities increased at 25°C but not at 16°C, indicating temperature-dependent interference from a non-competing predator. With no water mites, however, the functional response was higher at 25°C than at 16°C, caused by higher space clearance rates at 25°C in the absence of water mites. Handling times were lower at 25°C than at 16°C but were unaffected by water mite density. The differences in parameters suggest that the mechanism of inter-specific interference was through movement, encounters, or capture success, rather than through post-capture processing. This study showed how non-competing predators may affect predator foraging, particularly at higher temperatures.