Data from: Joint ozone pollution and climate warming reduce yield but enhance grain protein content in a resistant wheat variety
Data files
Jul 15, 2025 version files 154.46 KB
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Figure_1.xlsx
23.62 KB
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Figure_S13_and_S14.xlsx
20.58 KB
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Figure_4.xlsx
31.40 KB
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Full_citations_of_the_published_articles_used_in_Figure_4_and_S11-14.docx
25.84 KB
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Figure_2_and_3.xlsx
18.80 KB
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Figure_S11_and_S12.xlsx
26.56 KB
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README.md
7.65 KB
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution and climate warming jointly threaten crop productivity and undermine global food security. However, their combined effects on wheat under real-world conditions are not well understood, limiting the potential for adaptation. Here, we investigated yield and grain protein of a main wheat variety under joint elevated O3 and warming manipulations in three years (2021-2023), using a real-world simulation with a free-air controlled enrichment (FACE) facility. We found that O3 pollution reduced grain yield mainly by limiting the carbon source by accelerating flag leaf senescence and declining leaf area index. Warming enhanced nitrogen uptake before heading, which mitigates leaf senescence and increases grain protein content. This main wheat variety shows less variability in responses to independently elevated O3 and warming than those varieties reported in previous literature. Cultivating this resistant wheat variety reduced yield losses by only 6% under O3 pollution and warming, while increasing grain nitrogen content by 9%. These findings demonstrate that it is critical to breed wheat varieties that optimize high yield in tandem with adaptation to air pollution and climate change.
Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.vt4b8gv49
Description of the data and file structure
This dataset consists of six files. “Figure 1.xlsx” and “Figure 2 and 3.xlsx” contain observational data on photosynthetic rate, leaf area index, yield and yield components, grain nitrogen content, and aboveground nitrogen accumulation. The experimental data are sourced from the years 2021 to 2023.
“Fiugre_4.xlsx”, “Figure_S11 and S12.xlsx” and “Figure_S13 and S14.xlsx” are datasets from field experiments on elevated O3 or warming. These data are derived from published literature, and the list of references can be found in the main text, supplementry file and “Full_citations_of_the_published_articles_used_in_Figure_4_and_S11-14.docx” document.
Files and variables
Note: Missing values are indicated by NA in data files.
File: Figure_1.xlsx
Description: Light-saturated photosynthesis rate (Asat, sheet: Figure 1 a) and green leaf area index (Green LAI, sheet: Figure 1 c) during 3-year experiments in 2021, 2022, and 2023 under elevated ozone and warming. Each values shows the means of 3–4 rings. Error bars represent ± 1SD of the mean. AA and E-O3 represent ambient air and elevated ozone, respectively. WW, NW and CK represent whole-day warming, nigh-time warming, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Variables
- year: experimental year
- day of year: measured date
- ozone: elevated ozone treatments
- warming: elevated temperature treatments
- Asat: light-saturated photosynthesis rate (μmol m-2 s-1)
- LAI: green leaf area index (m2 m-2)
File: Figure_2_and_3.xlsx
Description: Yield, aboveground biomass, number of ears per area, number of grains per ear, single grain weight, harvest index, grain nitrogen (N) accumulation, aboveground N accumulation, protein concentration, and nitrogen harvest index from 2021 to 2023 under elevated ozone and warming. Each values shows the means of 4 rings. Error bars represent ± 1SD of the mean. AA and E-O3 represent ambient air and elevated ozone, respectively. WW, NW and CK represent whole-day warming, nigh-time warming, and ambient temperature, respectively.
Variables
- name: variable name
- year: experimental year
- ozone: elevated ozone treatments
- warming: elevated temperature treatments
File: Figure_S11_and_S12.xlsx
Description: Effects of elevated ozone (O3) on productivity traits of NM88 variety (this study) and 5 wheat varieties from Xiaoji FACE. Traits include yield, number of ears per area, single grain weight, number of grains per ear, aboveground biomass, aboveground N accumulation, harvest index (HI), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), protein yield, grain protein content, light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf greenness (SPAD), and leaf area index (LAI).
Variables
sheet: Figure S11
- cultivar: wheat cultivar
- ozone: elevated ozone treatments
- year: experimental year
- ring: FACE ring
- leaf area index during mid-anthesis stage (m2 m-2)
- leaf area index during grain-filling stage (m2 m-2)
- aboveground biomass (g m-2)
- aboveground N accumulation (g m-2)
- harvest index (HI)
- nitrogen harvest index (HI)
- yield (g m-2)
- number of ears per area
- number of grains per ear
- single grain weight (mg)
- grain.N: grain protein content (%)
- protein.yield (g m-2)
sheet: Figure S12
- cultivar: wheat cultivar
- ozone: elevated ozone treatments
- year: experimental year
- date: mid-anthesis stage or grain-filling stage
- ring: FACE ring
- SPAD: relative chlorophyll content
- Photo:light-saturated net photosynthesis (μmol m-2 s-1)
- Cond: stomatal conductance (mmol m-2 s-1)
File: Figure_4.xlsx
Description: Wheat yield and grain protein content responses to elevated ozone (O3) and warming in this study and literatures. Wheat yield response to elevated O3 (sheet: Figure 4a) and warming (sheet: Figure 4b) in relation to the variety release year; wheat yield (sheet: Figure 4c and e) and grain N (sheet: Figure 4c and e) response to O3 in Xiaoji FACE study and this study; wheat yield (sheet: Figure 4d and f) and grain N (sheet: Figure 4d and f) response to warming in this study and other studies conducted in the Yangtze River basin. WW and NW represent whole-day warming and night-time warming, respectively. AA and E-O3 represent ambient air and elevated ozone, respectively.
Variables
sheet: Figure 4a
- cultivar: wheat cultivars
- Release.year: release year of wheat cultivars
- AOT40.diff: difference of AOT40 between AA and E-O3 treatments (ppm h)
- yield.RR.AOT40: wheat yield response to ozone per AOT40 (%)
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yield.RR in Figure 4a: wheat yield response to ozone (%)
sheet: Figure 4b
- cultivar: wheat cultivars
- Release.year: release year of wheat cultivars
- yield.RR.degree: wheat yield response to warming per degree celsius (%)
- yield.RR in Figure 4b: wheat yield response to warming (%)
- warming.degrree: difference of temperature between CK and elevated temperature treatments (degree celsius)
sheet: Figure 4c and e
- exp.Year: experimental year
- variable: variable name
- value in O3: measured value under elevated O3
- value in AA: measured value under ambient air
- AOT40.diff: difference of AOT40 between AA and E-O3 treatments (ppm h)
- relative.value per ppm h: wheat yield or protein response to ozone per AOT40 (%)
sheet: Figure 4d and f
- Warming.time: all-day warming and night-time warming
- warming degrree: elevated temperature by degree celsius
- Yield in AA: measured yield under ambient air
- Yield in warming: measured yield under warming
- Yield Response per degree: wheat yield response to warming per degree celsius (%)
- Grain nitrogen value in AA: measured grain nitrogen concentration under ambient air
- Grain nitrogen in warming: measured grain nitrogen concentration under warming
- Grain nitrogen Response per degree: wheat graoin nitrogen concentration response to warming per degree celsius (%)
File: Figure_S13_and_S14.xlsx
Description: Responses of growth and productivity of NM88 variety (this study) and 4 wheat varieties to warming from the literatures. Traits include yield, ear density, single grain weight, grain number per ear, harvest index (HI), protein yield, grain N content, before heading days, after heading days, entire growth days, leaf photosynthesis during heading, leaf photosynthesis during grain-filling, leaf SPAD during heading, leaf SPAD during grain-filling, leaf area index during mid-anthesis (LAI), LAI during grain-filling, aboveground biomass during mid-anthesis, aboveground biomass during maturity, plant N accumulation during mid-anthesis, and plant N accumulation during maturity.
Variables
- Reference: data source
- cultivar: wheat cultivar
- year: experimental year
- warming: elevated temperature treatments
- All variable shown in full variable name. These variables were extracted from various sources, each employing different units of measurement. Consequently, units are omitted here.
File: Full_citations_of_the_published_articles_used_in_Figure_4_and_S11-14.docx
Description: These data are derived from published literature, and the list of references.
Code/software
Microsoft Excel can be used to view data files (“Fiugre_4.xlsx”, “Figure_S11_and_S12.xlsx” and “Figure_S13_and_S14.xlsx”). Microsoft Word can be used to view “FFull_citations_of_the_published_articles_used_in_Figure_4_and_S11-14.docx” document.