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Submitted Materials

• Supplemental_Table_S1.doc: Revised depositional categories derived from depositional environment terms from the PBDB, condensed into 15 categories.
• Supplemental_Table_S2.doc: Finalized thinned occurrence datasets and extracted environmental values for Maxent model building for our Getech model within the Maastrichtian.
• Supplemental_Table_S3.csv: Finalized thinned occurrence datasets and extracted environmental values for Maxent model building for our Getech model within the Danian.
• Supplemental_Table_S4.csv: Finalized thinned occurrence datasets and extracted environmental values for Maxent model building for our Scotese model within the Maastrichtian.
• Supplemental_Table_S5.csv: Finalized thinned occurrence datasets and extracted environmental values for Maxent model building for our Scotese model within the Danian.
• GCM_predictions.qgz: GIS file containing output MaxEnt distribution maps for cartographic manipulation.
• R_Scripts: Folder containing R scripts for running analyses using the Scotese and Getech GCM models.
• Datasets: Folder with data for running analyses using the Scotese and Getech model.
• Datasets_15_Categories: Folder with data for running analyses using the Scotese and Getech model using 15 depositional categories.
• Turritellinae_Occurrences: Folder with data from occurrences of Turritellinae from both the Danian and Maastrichtian periods.

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Data Formats

Excel/CSV Files

• .csv: Used for organizing metadata of occurrences used in species distribution modeling. Key columns include:
  • species/scientific_name: Species epithet of Turritellinae taxa.
  • longitude/lng: Longitude coordinate of occurrence.
  • latitude/lat: Latitude coordinate of occurrence.
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude to the Maastrichtian or Danian period.
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude to the Maastrichtian or Danian period.
  • ICS Stage: Geologic stage (Danian/Maastrichtian).
  • Lith Code/Lithology1: Lithologic setting (carbonate/siliciclastic).
  • Environment: Depositional environment in which Turritellinae taxa were deposited.
  • occID: Unique identifier for each occurrence.
  • NA: Data not available. Values marked as NA are found in occurrence datasets generated from the PBDB (Paleobiology Database) or GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), where the information for the occurrences is not available or has not been reported.

Raster Files

• .tif: Raster files used to assess environmental conditions for Turritellinae species.
• .nc: NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) files of environmental conditions from the University of Bristol Paleoclimate Website (link).

Additional Files

• .svg: Scalable Vector Graphics files for MaxEnt output.
• .pdf: Portable Document Format files for MaxEnt output.
• .qgz: Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) file containing saved .tif files for mapping and figure creation.

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Recommended Software for Data Analysis

• GCM_predictions.qgz: Requires QGIS (download link).
• Scotese_model and Getech_model: Requires R and RStudio (download link).

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Usage, Compatibility, and Accessibility

This dataset includes a variety of file types due to the broad scope of analyses conducted (MaxEnt, Ecospat, as well as .csv and .tif manipulation). Most files can be viewed using standard text editing software (e.g., BBedit) and free image editing software (e.g., Inkscape).

All programs, code, and data are publicly available and free to use. Researchers are encouraged to use the original data formats, repeat analyses for reliability and accuracy, and reach out to the corresponding author for further questions or clarifications.

We are committed to supporting users, providing clarity, and fostering future research with this dataset, as well as others related to species distribution modeling.

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Descriptions

GCM_predictions.qgz

Supplemental_Table_S1.doc

• PBDB_category: Depositional environmental category from the PBDB.
• new_category (15 categories): New category derived from the PBDB.
• Depositional_Setting category: Binary category (marine/freshwater) derived from the PBDB.

Supplemental_Table_S2.doc

• occID: Unique numeric identifier of occurrence (Note, numbers are discontinuous due to post-thinning)
• x: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
• y: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
• bathymetry: Bathymetric reading of occurrence (in meters)
• lithology: Lithological category of occurrence assigned to an integer (1 = carbonate, 2 = siliciclastic)
• lithology_factor: Lithological category assigned to occurrence
• mixed_layer: Annual mixed layer depth value of occurrence (in meters)
• monsoon: Monsoon seasonality index value of occurrence (difference in precipitation between the three driest and three wettest months of the year, in millimeters (mm))
• salinity: Annual potential salinity value of occurrence (PSU, practical salinity unit)
• temperature: Annual potential temperature value of occurrence (Celsius)
• environment: Depositional environment category of occurrence assigned to an integer
• environment_factor: Depositional environment category of occurrence

Supplemental_Table_S3.csv: Column names same as Supplemental_Table_S2.doc

Supplemental_Table_S4.csv: - Column names same as Supplemental_Table_S2.doc

Supplemental_Table_S5.csv: - Column names same as Supplemental_Table_S2.doc

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Datasets

R_Scripts

• ENM_Paleo_PCA.R: Code for running principal component analysis, ecological similarity, and equivalency analysis using environmental variables and Turritellinae occurrence datasets.
• Paleo_Variable_Averaging.R: Code for averaging environmental data, generating categorical data (lithology/environment), rescaling data, and converting it into .tif format for analysis.
• rgplates.R: Code for paleorotating modern-day Turritellinae fossil occurrences to the Danian and Maastrichtian periods using the Scotese rotation model.
• Turritellinae_Code_Final.R: Code for running MaxEnt analyses, including prediction maps, model statistics, response curves, permutation importance, and MESS maps.

Turritellinae Occurrences

• kiera_Danian.csv: Occurrences of Turritellinae in the Danian period, collected by Kiera D. Crowley (U.S. Coastal Plain).
  • Lith code: Lithological category of occurrence
  • Long: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Lat: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • ICS Stage: Geologic stage of occurrence (Danian or Maastrichtian)
• kiera_Maastrichtian.csv: Occurrences of Turritellinae in the Maastrichtian period, collected by Kiera D. Crowley from the literature.
  • Lith code: Lithological category of occurrence
  • Long: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Lat: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • ICS Stage: Geologic stage of occurrence (Danian or Maastrichtian)
• Turritellinae_Corrine_Postdoc_Danian.csv: Occurrences of Turritellinae in the Danian period, collected by Corinne Myers.
  • Phylum: Phylum of occurrence (Mollusca)
  • Class: Class of occurrence (Gastropoda)
  • Species: Class of occurrence (Turritella calax)
  • Lat: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Long: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Stage: Geologic stage of occurrence (Danian or Maastrichtian)
  • Group: Geologic Group of occurrence (Midway)
  • Formation: Geologic Formation of occurrence (Kincaid)
  • State: US State where occurrence was found (Texas)
  • Locality: Locality of occurrence (Hwy 7, Kosse)
• Turritellinae_Corrine_Postdoc_Maastrichtian.csv: Occurrences of Turritellinae in the Maastrichtian period, collected by Corinne Myers.
  • Phylum: Phylum of occurrence (Mollusca)
  • Class: Class of occurrence (Gastropoda)
  • Species: Class of occurrence (Turritella calax)
  • Lat: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Long: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Stage: Geologic stage of occurrence (Danian or Maastrichtian)
  • Group: Geologic Group of occurrence (Midway)
  • Formation: Geologic Formation of occurrence (Kincaid)
  • State: US State where occurrence was found (Texas)
  • Locality: Locality of occurrence (Hwy 7, Kosse)
• turritellidae_gbif_Danian.csv: Occurrences from GBIF for the Danian period.
  • taxonRank: The rank of the taxonomic entity (e.g., species, genus, family).
  • scientificName: The full scientific name of the species, including genus and species (e.g., Panthera leo).
  • verbatimScientificName: The exact scientific name as recorded in the original dataset, including any discrepancies.
  • verbatimScientificNameAuthorship: The author(s) who described the species, as recorded in the original dataset.
  • countryCode: The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code where the occurrence was recorded (e.g., US, CA).
  • locality: The detailed locality or place name where the occurrence was observed (e.g., Central Park, New York).
  • stateProvince: The state or province where the occurrence was recorded (e.g., Texas, Ontario).
  • occurrenceStatus: The status of the occurrence, indicating whether the organism was observed or collected (e.g., present, absent).
  • individualCount: The number of individuals observed in the occurrence event.
  • publishingOrgKey: The unique identifier for the organization that published the data.
  • decimalLatitude: The latitude of the occurrence, in decimal degrees (positive for the northern hemisphere, negative for the southern).
  • decimalLongitude: The longitude of the occurrence, in decimal degrees (positive for the eastern hemisphere, negative for the western).
  • coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: The uncertainty of the coordinates, in meters.
  • coordinatePrecision: The precision of the coordinates provided, indicates the accuracy level.
  • elevation: The elevation of the occurrence in meters above sea level.
  • elevationAccuracy: The accuracy of the elevation measurement, in meters.
  • depth: The depth of the occurrence, typically for marine species, in meters.
  • depthAccuracy: The accuracy of the depth measurement, in meters.
  • eventDate: The date or date range when the occurrence event took place (e.g., 2025-02-28).
  • day: The day of the occurrence event, in numeric format (e.g., 28).
  • month: The month of the occurrence event, in numeric format (e.g., 2).
  • year: The year of the occurrence event (e.g., 2025).
  • taxonKey: A unique identifier for the taxon (species, genus, etc.) in the GBIF database.
  • speciesKey: A unique identifier for the species in the GBIF database.
  • basisOfRecord: The type of record (e.g., Observation, Specimen, Machine Observation).
  • institutionCode: The code representing the institution that holds the record (e.g., Smithsonian, NYU).
  • collectionCode: The code representing the collection to which the record belongs (e.g., Mammal Collection).
  • catalogNumber: The catalog number assigned to the specimen in the collection (e.g., 12345).
  • recordNumber: The unique number assigned to the record in the dataset (e.g., R12345).
  • identifiedBy: The person or organization who identified the species.
  • dateIdentified: The date when the species was identified.
  • license: The licensing terms for the data (e.g., CC-BY, Public Domain).
  • rightsHolder: The individual or organization that holds the rights to the data.
  • recordedBy: The person or group who recorded the occurrence event.
  • typeStatus: The status of the record in terms of being a type specimen or not (e.g., Holotype, Paratype).
  • establishmentMeans: The means by which the species came to be established in the location (e.g., native, introduced).
  • lastInterpreted: The timestamp of when the data was last interpreted or updated.
  • mediaType: The type of media associated with the occurrence (e.g., Photograph, Audio).
  • issue: Any issues or warnings related to the data (e.g., Coordinates not matching locality, Taxonomy unresolved).
• turritellidae_gbif_Maastrichtian.csv: Occurrences from GBIF for the Maastrichtian period. Column names same as turritellidae_gbif_Danian.csv
• turritellidae_pbdb_Danian.csv: Occurrences from PBDB for the Danian period.
  • turritellidae_pbdb_Danian.csv: Occurrences from PBDB for the Danian period.
  • scientific_name: The scientific name of the organism, including genus and species (e.g., Tyrannosaurus rex).
  • occurrence_no: A unique identifier for the occurrence record in the PBDB dataset.
  • record_type: The type of record (e.g., specimen, observation).
  • reid_no: A unique identifier associated with the record, typically an internal number used for reference or identification.
  • flags: Flags indicating any special conditions or issues with the record (e.g., questionable data).
  • collection_no: The number assigned to the collection in which the occurrence is housed.
  • identified_name: The name used for identification of the organism (may differ from the accepted name).
  • identified_rank: The taxonomic rank of the identified name (e.g., species, genus).
  • identified_no: The number of identified specimens or occurrences in the collection.
  • difference: Differences or discrepancies between the identified name and the accepted name.
  • accepted_name: The currently accepted scientific name of the organism, often based on the latest taxonomic revision.
  • accepted_attr: Attributes related to the accepted name, such as its validity or synonymy.
  • accepted_rank: The rank of the accepted name (e.g., species, genus).
  • accepted_no: The number of specimens identified under the accepted name.
  • early_interval: The earliest time interval in which the organism is believed to have existed.
  • late_interval: The latest time interval in which the organism is believed to have existed.
  • max_ma: The maximum age of the occurrence in million years (Ma).
  • min_ma: The minimum age of the occurrence in million years (Ma).
  • ref_author: The author(s) who published the reference for the occurrence.
  • ref_pubyr: The year the reference was published.
  • reference_no: A unique identifier for the reference used to support the occurrence record.
  • phylum: The phylum classification of the organism (e.g., Arthropoda, Chordata).
  • class: The class classification of the organism (e.g., Mammalia, Reptilia).
  • order: The order classification of the organism (e.g., Carnivora, Saurischia).
  • family: The family classification of the organism (e.g., Felidae, Tyrannosauridae).
  • genus: The genus classification of the organism (e.g., Panthera, Tyrannosaurus).
  • plant_organ: The part of the plant (if applicable) associated with the occurrence (e.g., leaf, stem).
  • plant_organ2: A secondary plant organ (if applicable) associated with the occurrence (e.g., flower, root).
  • abund_value: The abundance value, indicates the relative abundance of the organism in the occurrence.
  • abund_unit: The unit of measurement for abundance (e.g., individuals, specimens).
  • lng: The longitude of the occurrence, in decimal degrees (positive for east, negative for west).
  • lat: The latitude of the occurrence, in decimal degrees (positive for north, negative for south).
  • occurrence_comments: Comments or additional information regarding the occurrence.
  • collection_name: The name of the collection in which the occurrence is held (e.g., The Natural History Museum Collection).
  • collection_subset: A subset of the collection (if applicable) to which the occurrence belongs.
  • collection_aka: Alternative names for the collection, if applicable.
  • cc: The country code where the occurrence was recorded (e.g., US, GB).
  • state: The state or province where the occurrence was found (e.g., California, Queensland).
  • county: The county or region within the state or province where the occurrence was found.
  • latlng_basis: The method or basis for the latitude and longitude coordinates (e.g., GPS, map).
  • latlng_precision: The precision of the latitude and longitude data (e.g., accurate to 1 meter).
  • geogscale: The geographic scale of the occurrence (e.g., local, regional, global).
  • geogcomments: Comments regarding the geographic data or location.
  • paleomodel: The paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental model used for the occurrence data.
  • paleolng: The paleolongitude of the occurrence in the past, in degrees.
  • paleolat: The paleolatitude of the occurrence in the past, in degrees.
  • geoplate: The tectonic plate in which the occurrence was located during the time of existence.
  • cc: Whether the collection is under conservation or protection (e.g., protected, restricted).
  • protected: Indicates whether the occurrence comes from a protected area or has conservation status.
  • formation: The geological formation where the occurrence was found.
  • stratgroup: The stratigraphic group or grouping to which the formation belongs.
  • member: The specific member or subdivision within the formation.
  • stratscale: The scale of the stratigraphic unit (e.g., bed, horizon, group).
  • zone: The stratigraphic zone of the occurrence, typically based on biozones.
  • localsection: The local stratigraphic section where the occurrence was found.
  • localbed: The bed within the stratigraphic section where the occurrence was found.
  • localorder: The local ordering or layer of the occurrence in the stratigraphy.
  • regionalsection: A regional stratigraphic section for the occurrence.
  • regionalbed: The regional bed within the stratigraphic section where the occurrence was found.
  • regionalorder: The regional order or layer in which the occurrence was found.
  • stratcomments: Comments regarding the stratigraphy of the occurrence.
  • lithdescript: Description of the lithology (rock types) associated with the occurrence.
  • lithology1: The primary lithology (rock type) associated with the occurrence.
  • lithadj1: The lithologic adjective associated with the primary lithology (e.g., fine-grained, sandy).
  • lithification1: The process by which the primary lithology was lithified (e.g., cementation).
  • minor_lithology1: A secondary lithology associated with the occurrence.
  • fossilsfrom1: The source of fossils from the primary lithology.
  • lithology2: The secondary lithology, if applicable.
  • lithadj2: The lithologic adjective associated with secondary lithology.
  • lithification2: The process by which the secondary lithology was lithified.
  • minor_lithology2: A third, minor lithology associated with the occurrence.
  • fossilsfrom2: The source of fossils from the secondary lithology.
  • environment: The paleoenvironment where the organism existed (e.g., marine, terrestrial).
  • tectonic_setting: The tectonic setting of the occurrence, such as plate boundary or intra-plate region.
  • geology_comments: Comments regarding the geology of the area or sample.
  • assembl_comps: Composition of the faunal or floral assemblage in the occurrence.
  • articulated_parts: The presence of articulated parts in the specimen (e.g., articulated limbs, bones).
  • associated_parts: Other associated parts found with the occurrence (e.g., teeth, fragments).
  • common_body_parts: The most common body parts found in the occurrence.
  • rare_body_parts: Rare body parts found in the occurrence.
  • feed_pred_traces: Evidence of feeding or predation traces on the organism.
  • artifacts: Any human-made artifacts found alongside the occurrence.
  • component_comments: Comments on the different components present in the occurrence (e.g., skeletal, shell).
  • pres_mode: The mode of preservation of the occurrence (e.g., fossilized, cast).
  • preservation_quality: The quality of preservation (e.g., well-preserved, poorly preserved).
  • spatial_resolution: The spatial resolution of the occurrence data (e.g., specific site, regional).
  • temporal_resolution: The temporal resolution of the occurrence data (e.g., specific period, broad epoch).
  • lagerstatten: Whether the occurrence is from a lagerstätten, a site of exceptional preservation.
  • concentration: The concentration of specimens within the occurrence.
  • orientation: The orientation of the specimen (e.g., upright, horizontal).
  • abund_in_sediment: The abundance of the organism in the sedimentary layer.
  • sorting: The sorting of the sedimentary particles in the occurrence (e.g., well-sorted, poorly sorted).
  • fragmentation: The degree of fragmentation of the specimen (e.g., complete, fragmented).
  • bioerosion: Evidence of bioerosion on the specimen (e.g., marks from burrowing organisms).
  • encrustation: Whether the specimen has been encrusted by other organisms (e.g., corals, barnacles).
  • preservation_comments: Additional comments about the preservation conditions or quality.
  • collection_type: The type of collection (e.g., paleontological, geological).
  • collection_methods: Methods used to collect the specimen or occurrence (e.g., excavation, drilling).
  • museum: The museum or institution where the collection is housed.
  • collection_coverage: The geographical or temporal coverage of the collection.
  • collection_size: The size or number of specimens in the collection.
  • rock_censused: Whether the rock layers or sections have been censused (recorded) for the occurrence.
  • collectors: The individuals or teams who collected the specimens.
  • collection_dates: The dates when the specimens were collected.
  • collection_comments: Comments related to the collection, such as challenges or special conditions.
  • taxonomy_comments: Comments related to the taxonomy of the occurrence (e.g., classification issues).
  • taxon_environment: The environmental context of the taxon (e.g., aquatic, terrestrial).
  • environment_basis: The basis for identifying the environment (e.g., sediment type, lithology).
  • motility: The mobility of the organism (e.g., motile, sessile).
  • life_habit: The life habit of the organism (e.g., carnivorous, herbivorous).
  • vision: The type of vision the organism had (e.g., eyes, no eyes).
  • diet: The dietary habits of the organism (e.g., carnivore, omnivore).
  • reproduction: The reproductive mode of the organism (e.g., sexual, asexual).
  • ontogeny: The growth and development stages of the organism.
  • ecospace_comments: Comments on the ecological space or niche of the organism.
  • composition: The composition of the organism’s body or fossil material.
  • architecture: The architectural features of the organism (e.g., shell structure, skeletal design).
  • thickness: The thickness of relevant fossil layers or materials.
  • reinforcement: Whether the organism had structural reinforcement (e.g., armor, exoskeleton).
• turritellidae_pbdb_Maastrichtian.csv: Occurrences from PBDB for the Maastrichtian period. Column names same as turritellidae_pbdb_Danian.csv
• Turritellinae_combined_Danian.csv: Combined occurrences of Turritellinae in the Danian period from all datasets.
  -scientific_name: Scientific name of species used in Niche Modeling code (Turritellinae sl assigned just to denote subfamily)
  -occID: Unique numeric identifier of occurrence
  -Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  -Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
• Turritellinae_combined_Maastrichtian.csv: Combined occurrences of Turritellinae in the Maastrichtian period from all datasets. Column names same as Turritellinae_combined_Danian.csv

Getech_model: Folder with data for running analyses using the Getech model.

• bb_getech.csv: Combined thinned occurrences of Turritellinae from the Maastrichtian and Danian used to define the bounding box for niche modeling analysis.
  • scientific_name: Scientific name of species used in Niche Modeling code (Turritellinae sl assigned just to denote subfamily)
  • occID: Unique numeric identifier of occurrence
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)

ENVS_Danian_Getech: Environmental variables (.tif format) used for MaxEnt analysis in the Danian Period.

• bathymetry.tif: Bathymetry (m).
• coldest_season.tif: Coldest sea-surface temperature within a 3-month interval (Celsius).
• environment.tif: Depositional environment (58 categories).
• ice_conc.tif: Ice concentration (percent).
• ice_depth.tif: Ice depth (m).
• lithology.tif: Lithology (carbonate/siliciclastic).
• mixed_layer.tif: Annual mixed layer depth (m).
• monsoon.tif: Monsoon seasonality index.
• salinity.tif: Annual potential salinity (PSU).
• temperature.tif: Annual potential temperature (Celsius).
• warmest_season.tif: Warmest sea-surface temperature within a 3-month interval (Celsius).

ENVS_Maastrichtian_Getech: Same variables as ENVS_Danian_Getech but for the Maastrichtian period.

ENVS_nc_Danian: Raw environmental variables for the Danian period (.nc format) from the University of Bristol Paleoclimate Website.

• bathymetry.nc: Bathymetry (m).
• coldest_season.nc: Coldest sea-surface temperature within a 3-month interval (Celsius).
• ice_conc.nc: Ice concentration (percent).
• ice_depth.nc: Ice depth (m).
• mixed_layer.nc: Annual mixed layer depth (m).
• warmest_season.nc: Warmest sea-surface temperature within a 3-month interval (Celsius).
• monsoon.tif: Monsoon seasonality index.

salinity: Raw environmental variables for the Danian period (.nc format) for annual potential salinity. Layers represent various depths (m) of annual potential salinity (see Paleo_Variable_Averaging.R for averaging variables together)

• teuyG_ocean_salin_5_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 5m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_15_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 15m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_25_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 25m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_35_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 35m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_48_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 48m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_67_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 67m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_96_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 96m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_139_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 139m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_204_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 204m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_301_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 301m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_447_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 447m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_666_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 666m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_996_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 996m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_1501_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 1501m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_2116_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 2116m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_2731_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 2731m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_3347_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 3347m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_3962_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 3962m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_4577_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 4577m
• teuyG_ocean_salin_5192_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential salinity (PSU) at 5192m

temperature: Raw environmental variables for the Danian period (.nc format) for annual potential temperature. Layers represent various depths (m) of annual potential temperature (see Paleo_Variable_Averaging.R for averaging variables together)

• teuyG_ocean_temp_5_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 5m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_15_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 15m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_25_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 25m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_35_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 35m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_48_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 48m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_67_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 67m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_96_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 96m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_139_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 139m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_204_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 204m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_301_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 301m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_447_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 447m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_666_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 666m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_996_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 996m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_1501_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 1501m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_2116_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 2116m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_2731_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 2731m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_3347_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 3347m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_3962_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 3962m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_4577_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 4577m
• teuyG_ocean_temp_5192_ann_ftgridded_fsy1.nc: Annual potential temperature (PSU) at 5192m

ENVS_nc_Maastrichtian: Raw environmental variables for the Maastrichtian period (.nc format) from the University of Bristol Paleoclimate Website. NOTE: File formats and layouts are the same as ENVS_nc_Danian

Lithology_datasets_Danian: Marine occurrences within the Danian period from PBDB, assigned to either carbonate or siliciclastic lithologies.

• Lithology_Danian.csv: Raw occurrences of marine specimens from the Danian period with associated ‘lithology1’ category associated with each occurrence.
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Lithology1: Lithological category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘lithology1’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
• Lithology_Danian_key.csv: Key corresponding to the numeric value assigned to each lithological category (carbonate or siliciclastic) (corresponds to Lithology_Danian.csv)
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Lithology1: Lithological category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘lithology1’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • number: Numeric integer assigned to the lithological category of occurrence

Lithology_datasets_Maastrichtian: Marine occurrences within the Maastrichtian period from PBDB, assigned to either carbonate or siliciclastic lithologies.

• Lithology_Maastrichtian.csv: Raw occurrences of marine specimens from the Maastrichtian period with associated ‘lithology1’ category associated with each occurrence. Column names same as Lithology_Danian.csv
• Lithology_Maastrichtian_key.csv: Key corresponding to the numeric value assigned to each lithological category (carbonate or siliciclastic) (corresponds to Lithology_Maastrichtian.csv). Column names same as Lithology_Danian_key.csv

Substrate_datasets_Danian: Marine-only and Marine + Terrestrial occurrence datasets for the Danian period from PBDB, assigned to different depositional environments.

• Environment_Danian_Marine.csv: Marine-only occurrence dataset.
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • environment: Depositional environmental category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘environment’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
• Environment_Danian_Marine_Terrestrial.csv: Marine + terrestrial occurrence dataset.
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • environment: Depositional environmental category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘environment’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
• Environment_Danian_Marine_15_Categories.csv: occurrence dataset of 15 modified depositional categories (Supplemental Table S1)
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • environment: Depositional environmental category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘environment’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
• Environment_Danian_key.csv: Key corresponding to the numeric value assigned to each depositional environment (corresponds to Environment_Danian_Marine.csv)
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • environment: Depositional environmental category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘environment’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • number: Numeric integer assigned to depositional environment category of occurrence

Substrate_datasets_Maastrichtian: Marine-only and Marine + Terrestrial occurrence datasets for the Maastrichtian period from PBDB, assigned to different depositional environments.

• Environment_Maastrichtian_Marine.csv: Marine-only occurrence dataset. Column names same as Environment_Danian_Marine.csv
• Environment_Maastrichtian_Marine_Terrestrial.csv: Marine + terrestrial occurrence dataset. Column names same as Environment_Danian_Marine_Terrestrial.csv
• Environment_Maastrichtian_Marine_15_Categories.csv: 15 modified depositional categories occurrence dataset (Supplemental Table S1). Column names same as Environment_Danian_Marine_15_Categories.csv
• Environment_Maastrichtian_key.csv: Key corresponding to the numeric value assigned to each depositional environment (corresponds to Environment_Maastrichtian_Marine.csv). Column names same as Environment_Danian_key.csv

Depositional_Setting_Danian: Occurrence datasets for the Danian period from PBDB, assigned to depositional setting (Freshwater/Marine)

• Getech_Setting_Danian.csv: Marine/freshwater occurrence dataset
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • environment: Depositional setting category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘environment’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)

Depositional_Setting_Maastrichtian: Occurrence datasets for the Maastrichtian period from PBDB, assigned to depositional setting (Freshwater/Marine)

• Getech_Setting_Maastrichtian.csv: Marine/freshwater occurrence dataset
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • environment: Depositional setting category of occurrence assigned from the PBDB associated ‘environment’ category
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)

Occs_Danian_reconstructed: Modern-day and Paleorotated occurrences of Turritellinae specimens in the Danian period (not thinned yet).

• Turritellinae_occs_Danian.csv: csv dataset of Modern-day and Paleorotated occurrences of Turritellinae specimens in the Danian period (used in Turritellinae_Code_Final.R)
  • scientific_name: Scientific name of species used in Niche Modeling code (Turritellinae sl assigned just to denote subfamily)
  • occID: Unique numeric identifier of occurrence
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)

Occs_Maastrichtian_reconstructed: Paleorotated occurrences of Turritellinae specimens in the Maastrichtian period (not thinned yet).

• Turritellinae_occs_Maastrichtian.csv: csv dataset of Modern-day and Paleorotated occurrences of Turritellinae specimens in the Maastrichtian period (used in Turritellinae_Code_Final.R)
  • scientific_name: Scientific name of species used in Niche Modeling code (Turritellinae sl assigned just to denote subfamily)
  • occID: Unique numeric identifier of occurrence
  • Longitude: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Long: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Rot_Lat: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)

PCA_Getech: Combined thinned occurrences of Turritellinae from the Maastrichtian and Danian periods for ordination analysis.

• Turritella_total.csv: Note (turritella_Danian corresponds to thinned occurrences from the Danian Period, while turritella_Maastrichtian corresponds to thinned occurrences within the Maastrichtian).
  • scientific_name: Scientific name of species used in Niche Modeling code (Turritellinae sl assigned just to denote subfamily)
  • Longitude: Paleorotated longitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)
  • Latitude: Paleorotated latitude of occurrence using Getech’s paleorotation model (in decimal degrees)

Scotese_model: all folders, files, and naming schemes are the same as Getech_model, except datasets are generated using the Scotese model of paleorotation

Results: Folder containing results of model output.

Environmental_Layers: Environmental layers used in MaxEnt analysis saved in svg format (generated from Turritellinae_Code_Final.R)

• Env_Layers_getech_Danian: Environmental layers from the Danian period generated using Getech’s model of paleorotation
• Env_Layers_getech_Maastrichtian: Environmental layers from the Maastrichtian period generated using Getech’s model of paleorotation
• Env_Layers_scotese_Danian: Environmental layers from the Danian period generated using Scotese model of paleorotation
• Env_Layers_scotese_Maastrichtian: Environmental layers from the Maastrichtian period generated using Scotese model of paleorotation

Getech: Results from ordination analysis of environmental variables and occurrences of Turritellinae from the Danian and Maastrichtian (generated from ENM_Paleo_PCA.R)

• Correlation circle.svg: Visualizations of the importance of variables within principal component space. The axes represent the principal components, and the plot shows how each variable correlates with those components. Variables that are close to each other on the plot have similar relationships to the components, while those far apart are more distinct.
• equilivancy test.svg: Plot of Niche equivalency test. The equivalency test evaluates whether the niches are equally distributed across the environmental space. A p-value <0.05 in this test suggests that the niches from both time periods are more equivalent than expected by chance
• similarity test.svg: Plot of Niche similarity test. For the similarity test, a p-value <0.05 indicates that the niches from both time periods are less similar than expected by chance, suggesting a lower degree of overlap between their environmental conditions.
• loadings.txt: Loadings from PCA space analysis. Loadings refer to the correlation coefficients (or weights) between the original variables and the principal components (PCs). Essentially, loadings indicate how strongly each original variable contributes to the principal components
• Niche Overlap.svg: Occurrence density grids of principal component space for both the environmental values at each occurrence point and background extent points using a kernel density estimation approach
• overlap.txt: Raw data from niche equivalency and Niche similarity tests. Results of environmental niche overlap analysis, likely comparing the environmental niches of Turritellinae between the Maastrichtian and Danian
• PCA_Space.svg: Principal component space figure of environmental variables of occurrence points + background points of Turritellinae between the Maastrichtian and Danian Periods

Predictions_Danian: MaxEnt suitability map predictions of Turritellinae occurrences from the Danian Period (generated from Turritellinae_Code_Final.R) generated from the optimal model

• getech_Danian_10_omission.tif: Binary MaxEnt map prediction of the distribution of Turritellinae based on 10% omission rate
• getech_Danian_kappa.tif: Binary MaxEnt map prediction of the distribution of Turritellinae based on kappa statistic
• getech_Danian_maxSSS.tif: Binary MaxEnt map prediction of the distribution of Turritellinae based on Maximized Sensitivity + Specificity
• getech_Danian_mean.tif: Binary MaxEnt map prediction of the distribution of Turritellinae based on mean omission rate
• getech_Danian_mtp.tif: Binary MaxEnt map prediction of the distribution of Turritellinae based on minimum training presence (MTP)
• getech_Danian_prediction.tiff: Continuous map prediction of the distribution of Turritellinae based on ‘cloglog’ transformation in which raw values are scaled to 0 - 1
• getech_Danian_MESS_threshold.tif: Multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS map) based on ‘informed’ MESS analysis, by clamping each environmental variable a priori based on the completeness of response curve (ex: extrapolation can be used if the response curve for an environmental variable reaches 0 or 1 for full modeled behavior).
• getech_Danian_MESS.tif: Multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS map) without clamping
• getech_Danian_optimal_model.csv: Summary statistics of the optimal model (includes AUC, 10% omission rate, AICc, delta.aicc, and number of coefficient metrics)
  • rm: The regularization multiplier used in the MaxEnt model, which controls model complexity and helps prevent overfitting.
  • fc: The feature class used in the MaxEnt model (e.g., linear, quadratic, product, threshold). This determines the type of environmental features used in the model.
  • tune.args: The tuning arguments or parameters used in the model fitting process, typically representing adjustments made to the model’s settings.
  • auc.train: The Area Under the Curve (AUC) value for the training data. It indicates the model’s ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of data during training.
  • cbi.train: The Cohen’s kappa-based index (CBI) for the training data. It evaluates the model’s classification performance, with higher values indicating better performance.
  • auc.diff.avg: The average difference in AUC between the training and validation datasets, representing the model’s generalization performance.
  • auc.diff.sd: The standard deviation of the difference in AUC between the training and validation datasets, providing a measure of variability in model performance.
  • auc.val.avg: The average AUC value for the validation dataset, indicating how well the model performs on unseen data.
  • auc.val.sd: The standard deviation of the AUC values for the validation dataset, providing a measure of variability in performance on unseen data.
  • cbi.val.avg: The average Cohen’s kappa-based index (CBI) for the validation dataset, indicating classification accuracy on unseen data.
  • cbi.val.sd: The standard deviation of the CBI values for the validation dataset, providing a measure of variability in model performance on unseen data.
  • or.10p.avg: The average omission rate at the 10th percentile of the predicted probability threshold, measuring the proportion of absence points misclassified as presence.
  • or.10p.sd: The standard deviation of the omission rate at the 10th percentile, indicating variability in model predictions at this threshold.
  • or.mtp.avg: The average omission rate at the maximum test sensitivity plus specificity (MTP) threshold, indicating model performance based on optimal thresholding.
  • or.mtp.sd: The standard deviation of the omission rate at the MTP threshold, providing a measure of variability in model performance at this optimal threshold.
  • AICc: The corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) value, a measure of model fit that accounts for the number of parameters is used to compare models with different complexities.
  • delta.AICc: The difference in AICc between the current model and the best-performing model (the model with the lowest AICc value).
  • w.AIC: The Akaike weight (w.AIC) of the model, representing the probability that the model is the best one given the set of candidate models.
  • ncoef: The number of coefficients (or parameters) in the model, reflecting the complexity of the model.
• getech_Danian_Depositional_Environment.csv: Suitability scores of depositional environmental variable categories from MaxEnt model (V1 = variable, and p = ‘cloglog’ score, see Environment_Danian_key.csv)
  • V1: Depositional environment variable assigned to an integer
  • p: Predicted suitability score (cloglog, 0 - 1)
• getech_Danian_Depositional_Lithology.csv: Suitability scores of lithology environmental variable categories from MaxEnt model (V1 = variable, and p = ‘cloglog’ score, see lithology_Danian_key.csv)
  -V1: Lithology variable assigned to an integer
  -p: Predicted suitability score (cloglog, 0 - 1)
• getech_Danian_points.csv: Final thinned occurrence points of Turritellinae used in the MaxEnt model
  • x: Longitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
  • y: Latitude of occurrence (in decimal degrees)
• getech_Danian_importance.csv: Permutation importance of variables from optimal MaxEnt model.
  • variable: The environmental variable or predictor used in the MaxEnt model
  • percent.contribution: The percentage of the model’s total predictive power that is attributed to each variable. It indicates the importance of each variable in explaining the model’s predictions.
  • permutation.importance: The change in model performance (typically measured by AUC or similar metrics) when the values of the given variable are randomly permuted. A larger drop in model performance indicates greater importance of that variable in the model.
• Permutation_importance.svg: Bargraph figure of permutation importance of variables from optimal MaxEnt model.
• response_curve_bathymetry.svg: Graphic figure of response curve of suitability and bathymetry from optimal MaxEnt model
• response_curve_environment.svg: Bargraph figure of the response curve of suitability and depositional environment from optimal MaxEnt model (use Environment_Danian_key.csv to infer categories)
• response_curve_lithology.svg: Bargraph figure of response curve of suitability and lithology from optimal MaxEnt model (use Lithology_Danian_key.csv to infer categories)
• response_curve_mixed_layer.svg: Graphic figure of the response curve of suitability and annual mixed layer depth from optimal MaxEnt model
• response_curve_monsoon.svg: Graphic figure of the response curve of suitability and monsoon seasonality index from optimal MaxEnt model
• response_curve_salinity.svg: Graphic figure of the response curve of suitability and annual potential salinity from optimal MaxEnt model
• response_curve_temperature.svg: Graphic figure of the response curve of suitability and annual potential temperature from optimal MaxEnt model

Predictions_Maastrichtian: MaxEnt suitability map predictions of Turritellinae occurrences from the Maastrichtian Period (generated from Turritellinae_Code_Final.R) generated from the optimal model. NOTE: Format of folders, tables, and graphics same as Predictions_Danian

Scotese: Results from ordination analysis of environmental variables and occurrences of Turritellinae from the Danian and Maastrichtian (generated from ENM_Paleo_PCA.R) NOTE: Format of folders, tables, and graphics same as Getech

Datasets_15_Categories: Datasets containing analyses using 15 depositional categories as well as depositional setting variables. NOTE: Format of folders, tables, and graphics same as Datasets, Getech, Scotese, and Results.