For the first time, high-resolution analysis of the Late Pliensbachian - Early Toarcian belemnite assemblages from the Peniche section (Lusitanian Basin) is presented. The systematic analysis allowed the recognition of eight taxa of the suborder Belemnitina, previously reported from contemporaneous NW Tethyan and Arctic sections. The presence of Bairstowius amaliae sp. nov. in the Late Pliensbachian (Emaciatum Zone) represents a novelty since hitherto the genus Bairstowius was only known from Late Sinemurian and Early Pliensbachian deposits.  Additionally, the replacement of Bairstowius amaliae by Catateuthis longiforma, during the latest Pliensbachian, suggests an evolutionary relationship between the two taxa. This relationship suggests a new scenario for the subsequent development of endemic Toarcian Boreal-Arctic faunas, characterised by the occurrence of Catateuthis. 

The comparison of the Peniche belemnite fauna with coeval faunas from the Mediterranean/Submediterranean and Euro-Boreal domains indicates taxonomic uniformity during the Late Pliensbachian – Early Toarcian (Emaciatum and Polymorphum zones), in the NW Tethys. Despite the lack of a marked taxonomic turnover, the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary corresponds to a slight decrease in diversity observed not only in the Lusitanian Basin but also in coeval NW European basins. Ordination and cluster analyses indicate that the largest changes in belemnite diversity and palaeogeographic distribution occurred rather during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (base of Levisoni Zone). This event is marked by the extinction of taxa, affecting more severely the Mediterranean/Submediterranean domain and resulting in a provincial differentiation amongst NW European and Arctic belemnite faunas.

supplematary data from the paper "Taxonomical diversity and palaeobiogeographical affinity of belemnites from the Pliensbachian - Toarcian GSSP (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal)": figures and tables

 

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TABLE S1. List of the taxa found in the Peniche belemnite assemblage from Peniche from the Upper Pliensbachian to Lower Toarcian.

 

 TABLE S2. List of the belemnite specimens collected in the Peniche section from the Upper Pliensbachian to Lower Toarcian interval.

 

TABLE S3. List of the belemnite specimens collected in the Fresney-le-Puceux section (Normandy, Western Paris Basin) from the Upper Pliensbachian to Lower Toarcian interval (unpublished data, PR field collection).

LE S4. List of the belemnite specimens collected in the Rodiles section (Asturian Basin) from the Upper Pliensbachian to Lower Toarcian interval (unpublished data, PR field collection).

TABLE S5. Diversity dataset comprising of a compilation of literature and field data. S= number of species; n=number of specimens.

Table S6. Micro-CT phoenix v|tome|x s 240 (Research Edition) scanner settings for the scanned belemnite specimens from the Peniche section. The reconstruction was made with the GEDatos|x 2.4 software. Subsequent image stack processing (e.g. subsampling), as well as the measurements and volume acquisition, was derived using Studio Volume Graphics Max™ v 3.0 software (Heidelberg). See Rita et al. 2019

TABLE S6. Diversity dataset comprising of a compilation of both literature and field belemnite data. Key: S = species richness; n=number of specimens.

TABLE S7. Main morphometric parameters of the Bairstowius amaliae specimens found in the Peniche (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) belemnite assemblage of the Upper Pliensbachian: total preserved length (L); length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l); alveolar angle (AA); dorso-ventral diameter (Dv), lateral diameter (Dl) at the protoconch level, cross section distance from protoconch to ventral side (Rv) or to dorsum side (Rd), eccentricity of the protoconch (E) and compression index (CI).

 

TABLE S8. Main morphometric parameters of the Hastitidae sp. indet. specimens found in the Peniche (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) belemnite assemblage of the Upper Pliensbachian – lowermost Toarcian interval: total preserved length (L); length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l); alveolar angle (AA); dorso-ventral diameter (Dv), lateral diameter (Dl) at the protoconch level, cross section distance from protoconch to ventral side (Rv) or to dorsum side (Rd), eccentricity of the protoconch (E) and compression index (CI).

 

TABLE S9. Main morphometric parameters of the Catateuthis longiforma specimens found in the Peniche (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) belemnite assemblage of the Upper Pliensbachian - lowermost Toarcian interval: alveolar angle (AA), compression index (CI), lateral (Dl) and dorso-ventral diameter (Dv) at the protoconch level, eccentricity of the protoconch (E),  length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l), total preserved length (L) and cross section distance from protoconch to dorsum side (Rd) or to ventral side (Rv).

 

TABLE S10. Main morphometric parameters of the Parapassaloteuthis aff. zieteni specimens found in the Peniche (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) belemnite assemblage of the Upper Pliensbachian-lowermost Toarcian interval: alveolar angle (AA), compression index (CI), lateral (Dl) and dorso-ventral diameter (Dv) at the protoconch level, eccentricity of the protoconch (E),  length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l), total preserved length (L) and cross section distance from protoconch to dorsum side (Rd) or to ventral side (Rv).

 

TABLE S11. Main morphometric parameters of the Passaloteuthis bisulcata specimens found in the Peniche section (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) of the Upper Pliensbachian - lowermost Toarcian interval: alveolar angle (AA), compression index (CI), lateral (Dl) and dorso-ventral diameter (Dv) at the protoconch level, eccentricity of the protoconch (E),  length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l), total preserved length (L) and cross section distance from protoconch to dorsum side (Rd) or to ventral side (Rv).

 

TABLE S12. Main morphometric parameters of the Passaloteuthis milleri specimens found in the Peniche (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) belemnite assemblage of the Upper Pliensbachian - lowermost Toarcian interval: alveolar angle (AA), compression index (CI), lateral (Dl) and dorso-ventral diameter (Dv) at the protoconch level, eccentricity of the protoconch (E),  length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l), total preserved length (L) and cross section distance from protoconch to dorsum side (Rd) or to ventral side (Rv).

 

TABLE S13. Main morphometric parameters of the Passaloteuthis sp. juv. specimens found in the Peniche (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) belemnite assemblage of the Upper Pliensbachian - lowermost Toarcian interval: alveolar angle (AA), compression index (CI), lateral (Dl) and dorso-ventral diameter (Dv) at the protoconch level, eccentricity of the protoconch (E),  length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l), total preserved length (L) and cross section distance from protoconch to dorsum side (Rd) or to ventral side (Rv).

 

TABLE S14. Main morphometric parameters of one of the Acrocoelites sp. indet. specimens found in the Peniche (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal) belemnite assemblage of the Lower Toarcian: lateral diameter (Dl) and dorso-ventral diameter (Dv) at the protoconch level, total preserved length (L) and length of the rostrum solidum (apical length, l).

 

TABLE S15. Palaeobioeographic distribution of belemnite families during the Late Pliensbachian (Margaritatus Zone) to the Early Toarcian (Levisoni Zone) in the NW Tethys (Euro-Boreal and Mediterranean/Submediterranean domains) and Arctic Domain: Russia (N Siberia, Sachs and Nalnjaeva 1967), Cleveland Basin (Caswell and Coe 2014), Swabo-Franconian Basin (Schlegelmilch 1998; Riegraf et al. 1984), Western Paris Basin (Weis et al. 2018 and additional unpublished data), Eastern Paris Basin (Luxembourg, Linger section, unpublished data), Morocco (South Riffian Basin; Sanders et al. 2015), Causses Basin (Pinard et al. 2014), Italy (Apennines; Weis et al. 2015), Lusitanian and Asturias basins (this work) and Austria (Northern Calcareous Alps; Weis and Thuy 2015).

 

FIG. S1.  Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) plot showing dissimilarity between and within ammonite zones of belemnite assemblage composition. Bold horizontal bar in box indicates median; bottom of box indicates 25th percentile; top of box indicates 75th percentile; whiskers extend to the most extreme data point; width of bar directly proportional to sample size. The ANOSIM statistic R is based on the difference of mean ranks between groups and within groups. Key: Between, between-group dissimilarity.

 

 

FIG. S2. Number of belemnite species (S) during the Upper Pliensbachian-Middle Toarcian (Apyrenum - Variabilis Subzone) in the Western Tethys Ocean (this work; Riegraf et al. 1984; Caswell and Coe 2014).