We imaged the lungs of five Cuvier's dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) via computed tomography (CT) and micro-computed tomography (μCT) and compared these data to the lungs of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). These data demonstrate anatomical commonalities between the lungs of P. palpebrosus and A. mississippiensis, and a few notable differences. The structural similarities are (a) a proximally narrow, distally widened, hook-shaped primary bronchus; (b) a cervical ventral bronchus that branches of the primary bronchus and immediately makes a hairpin turn toward the apex of the lung; (c) a sequential series of dorsobronchi arising from the primary bronchus caudal to the cervical ventral bronchus; (d) intraspecifically highly variable medial sequence of secondary airways; (e) sac-like laterobronchi; and (f ) grossly dead-ended caudal group bronchi in the caudal and ventral aspects of the lung. The primary differences between the two taxa are in the overall number of large bronchi (fewer in P. palpebrosus), and the number of branches that contribute to the cardiac regions. Imaging data of both a live and deceased specimen under varying states (postprandial, fasting, total lung capacity, open to atmosphere) indicate that the caudal margin and position of the lungs shift craniocaudally relative to the vertebral column. These imaging data suggest that the smooth thoracic ceiling may be correlated to visceral movement during ventilation, but this hypothesis warrants validation. These results provide the scaffolding for future comparisons between crocodilians, for generating preliminary reconstructions of the ancestral crocodilian bronchial tree, and establishing new hypotheses of bronchial homology across Archosauria.

Frozen/deceased hatchlings (n = 3) were obtained from private collections in southern Louisiana (death due to unknown causes). Two live adults were scanned for this study. Scans of one adult P. palpebrosus (Quintus Sertorius) were obtained by the San Antonio Zoo veterinary staff for clinical purposes unrelated to this study. Scans of the second adult (Mithridates) were obtained by MS Echols for clinical purposes from a privately owned facility, Scales and Tails Utah. This individual was scanned initially postprandially, and then again nine months later in a fasted state. For the four deceased hatchlings, the specimens were intubated via either the glottis or directly through the trachea and the lungs were inflated artificially by a polyethylene tube and syringe. One of the hatchlings, P. palpebrosus (Lucius Sulla) was imaged on a Nikon X-Tek HMXST 225 (Nikon Metrology Inc., Tokyo, Japan) µCT system at Harvard University’s Center for Nanoscale Systems in Cambridge, MA. The second two hatchlings (Lucullus and Cinna) were dissected and scanned as torsos at the Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine on a Scanco µCT 40 (SCANCO Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland). These two specimens were scanned at total lung capacity, and then scanned again open to atmosphere to approximate functional residual capacity, to visualize changes in the bronchial tree and lung position at the end of a hypothetical natural exhalation.

1. Lucullus (Paleosuchus palpebrosus; 0.06698 kg): sex unknown, deceased hatchling, scanned as a torso with the lungs inflated. Imaged in a Scanco µCT 40 at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine at 36 µm. Images are in DICOM format.

2. Lucullus (P. palpebrosus; 0.06698 kg): sex unknown, deceased hatchling, scanned as a torso with the lungs open to atmosphere. Imaged in a Scanco µCT 40 at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine at 36 µm. Images are in DICOM format.

3. Cinna (P. palpebrosus; 0.04867 kg): sex unknown, deceased hatchling, scanned as a torso with the lungs inflated. Imaged in a Scanco µCT 40 at the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine at 36 µm. Images are in DICOM format.

4. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (P. palpebrosus; 0.6698 kg): female, deceased hatchling, scanned intact with the lungs inflated. Imaged in a Nikon X-Tek HMXST225 at Harvard University at 112µm. Images are in DICOM format. Voxel size: 0.112657. kV 80 uA 80.

5. Mithridates VI of Pontus (P. palpebrosus; 5 kg): male, 11 years old, live, scanned snout to tail, postprandially with a large rat in the stomach. Imaged on an Epica GT-30 CT at 200 µm at the Parrish Creek Veterinary Hospital and Diagnostic Center, Centerville UT. Images are in DICOM format. Images are in DICOM format.

6. Mithridates VI of Pontus (P. palpebrosus; 5 kg): male, 11 years old, live, thorax scan (fasting). Imaged on an Epica GT-30 CT at 250.2 µm at the Parrish Creek Veterinary Hospital and Diagnostic Center, Centerville UT. Images are in DICOM format.

7. Quintus Sertorius (P. palpebrosus; 12 kg): male, 40-45 years old (estimated, wild caught), live, thorax scan (swallowed coins). Imaged on a GE Medical Systems LightSpeed QX/I at 1.25 mm at the San Antonio Zoo. Images are in DICOM format.