Data from: Comparative genomics reveals high rates of horizontal transfer and strong purifying selection on rhizobial symbiosis genes
Data files
Dec 11, 2020 version files 248.21 MB
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1-genomes.zip
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2-orthologs.zip
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3-alignment.zip
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4-species_tree.zip
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5-divergence.zip
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6-comparison.zip
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7-figures_and_tables.zip
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gene_divergence_summary.tsv
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pairwise_divergence.tsv.gz
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README
Abstract
Horizontal transfer (HT) alters the repertoire of symbiosis genes in rhizobial genomes and may play an important role in the on-going evolution of the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. To gain insight into the extent of HT of symbiosis genes with different functional roles (nodulation, N-fixation, host benefit, and symbiont fitness), we conducted comparative genomic and selection analyses of the full genome sequences from 27 rhizobial genomes. We find that symbiosis genes experience high rates of HT among rhizobial lineages but also bear signatures of purifying selection (low Ka:Ks). HT and purifying selection appear to be particularly strong in genes involved in initiating the symbiosis (e.g. nodulation) and in genome-wide association candidates for mediating variation in benefits provided to the host. These patterns are consistent with rhizobia adapting to the host environment through the loss and gain of symbiosis genes, but not with host-imposed positive selection driving divergence of symbiosis genes through recurring bouts of positive selection.
Methods
Data is from 27 complete bacterial genome assemblies--all symbiotic rhizobia--downloaded from the NCBI repository. Orthologous genes were identified and a variety of comparative, phylogenetic, and evolutionary analyses were conducted.
Usage notes
(All of this information is repeated in the README file.)
Gene data
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If you are looking for the statistics for each gene or pair of sequences
they can be found in these two files:
- 6-comparison/pairwise_divergence.tsv
- Table S5 in the ms has key gene summary statistics. This is also repeated
in 6-comparison/gene_divergence_summary.tsv.
- Both of these files are also included in the top level of the data submission
for your convenience--no need to unzip any directories.
Workflow, code, and various output files:
===========================================
1. Genome assemblies downloaded from public databases
Lists of strains and accession numbers are provided in the 1-genomes
directory.
- Accession numbers for the 72 strains from NCBI are found in
ncbi_genomes.tsv.
- USDA4894 and USDA1106 were also downloaded from the MaGe Microscope
platform: https://mage.genoscope.cns.fr/microscope/search/exportForm.php?mode=ORG
- The 27 alpha-Proteobacteria with complete genome assemblies that
were chosen for evolutionary analyses (after running OrthoFinder)
are listed in 27_chosen_strains.txt.
- The full list of strains downloaded is in all_strains.txt.
2. Ortholog identification by using OrthoFinder
The code and output for the OrthoFinder run is provided in the
2-orthologs directory.
- script is orthofinder_pipeline.sh. Note that it was set up to run
on the Univ. of MN Supercomputing Institute servers, so it will
have to be modified if run in a different environment. Also, file
paths will have to be adjusted. This is true of all the pipeline
scripts in this repository.
- all auxiliary python scripts have also been included.
- I (Brendan) modified one of the scripts included with OrthoFinder
so that it would print out the rooted gene trees.
- Output files:
- reconciled orthologs: reconciled_genes.tsv, this file is where
the genes for the rest of the analysis are defined. It was
created by extract_orthosets_from_orthofinder_trees.py, which
used the rooted gene trees to identify phylogenetic groupings of
gene sequences. "subset" column is the gene name.
- annotation: annotation.tsv. The "description" column was an
attempt at combining the gene products from all strains into a
summary; sometimes this was successful. The "gene" and
"descriptions" columns have comma-separated lists of all the
unique gene names and descriptions for the gene (from all
strains).
- pseudogenes: pseudogenes.txt
- rooted gene trees from OrthoFinder:
rooted_gene_tress_from_orthofinder.tsv, one newick formatted tree
per line, first column is the "orthogroup". This output file is
from the modfied OrthoFinder script.
- IMPORTANT NOTE: The output files from this step still include
pseudogenes. These have to be removed during subsequent analysis
steps.
- Symbiosis genes are in symbiosis_genes
- Note: The rhizobial fitness phenotype is the same one presented in
Burghardt et al. (2017, PNAS). However, the candidate gene list
used here is slightly different--for consistency, the analysis was
re-run using the same methods as in Epstein et al. (2018, mSphere).
The difference is testing one variant per LD group, instead of all
variants.
3. Alignment of sequences by using muscle
Code for this step is found in 3-alignment.
- alignment-pipeline.sh is the shell script that ran the protein
alignment and produced nucleotide alignments from the protein
alignments.
- helper python scripts also included
- alignments were produced for entire orthogroups (the MCL output
from OrthoFinder) and for "orthosets" (the reconciled gene
groupings)
- Note: codon alignments of just sequences from one "orthoset" were
based on the protein alignment of all sequences in the orthogroup,
not on the orthoset-only protein alignment--more for convenience
than a different analysis.
4. Construction of a single-copy-core phylogenetic tree by using IQ-tree
Code and output for this step is found in 4-species_tree.
- species_tree_pipeline.sh: code to construct the tree
- output tree from IQtree: sc.treefile
- ML estimates of pairwise distances: sc.mldist
- output tree rooted by using figtree: rooted.nw
- IQ-tree log file: sc.iqtree
- NOTE: For some reason, the list of single copy core genes here does
not include 9 genes that are single copy core according to the data
I used for the symbiosis gene comparison. This is because the
IQ-tree list of single-copy core genes was obtained by looking for
scc genes, then removing any with pseudogenes. By contrast, the
gene comparison data have the pseudogenes removed first, then
searched for scc--nine of the scc genes have extra pseudogene
copies. I don't think this is an important issue.
5. Calculation of statistics for genes
5a. Calculation of Ka/Ks for all pairs of sequences by using gestimator
Code for this step is found in 5-divergence/5a-kaks.
- kaks_pipeline.sh: Shell script to run the analysis
- output, cleaned of pseudogenes, is found in the directory for step
6-comparison
5b. Calculation of pairwise protein distances by using FastME
Code for this step is found in 5-divergence/5b-protein_dist
- protein_dist_pipeline.sh: Shell script to run the analysis.
- output is found in 6-comparison
5c. Calculation of phylogenetic signal statistics by using R packages
Code for this step is found in 5-divergence/5c-phylogenetic_signal
- phylo-signal-pipeline.sh: Shell script to run the analysis.
- A helper Python script and the R scripts that contain the
phylogenetic analysis are also included.
- output is summarized in 6-comparison
5d. Estimates of rates of dup., loss, & transfer by using GeneRax
5-divergence/5d-generax
- generax-pipeline.sh: Shell script to run the analysis
- helper scripts included
- output is summarized in 6-comparison
6. Comparison of symbiosis genes to rest of the genome
Code and output for this step is in 6-comparison.
Files with the statistics for each gene or pair of sequences:
- pairwise_divergence.tsv: Pairwise sequence statistics, with
pseudogenes removed.
- gene_divergence_summary.tsv: Averages, etc. of pairwise statistics
and other statistics for each gene. Code:
- pairwise-table-script.sh: This script compiles the pairwise
divergence and Ka/Ks data into a single table, while removing
pseudogenes. It also contains code for calculating medians and
means, but this was eventually moved to a different script (see
below)
- make_orthoset_divergence_table.r: The R code that actually does the
work of tabulating pairwise divergence data. Is not fast.
- gene_comparison-pipeline.sh: code to calculate summary statistics
for each gene, create lists of randomly chosen background genes,
and compare the background to the symbiosis genes
- helper scripts included Output files:
- randomly_chosen_gene_sets: genes chosen as random background. Each
line is one set. "all": randomly chosen from all genes;
"matched_strain_count": randomly chosen from genes with the same
number of genomes as the symbiosis genes; "matched_count_and_copy":
randomly chosen from genes that were similar in the number of
genomes and copies to the symbiosis genes;
"phenotype_permutations": GWAS hits from analyses run on permuted
phenotype values (see Epstein et al. 2018).
- comparison_results: all the output from comparing symbiosis genes
to background genes. The file naming convention is
table.<background set>.<statistic>.tsv. The file format is one row
per gene set, with the values separated by tabs. The first row is
the values for the symbiosis genes, while each remaining row is one
random sample.
7. Tables, figures, and summaries
Code for making the figures and tables and for doing the major
statistical tests is in 7-figures_and_tables.