Biology is a wellspring of inspiration in engineering design. This paper delves into the application of elastic instabilities-commonly used in biological systems to facilitate swift movement as a power-amplification mechanism for soft robots. Specifically, inspired by the nonlinear mechanics of the hummingbird beak and shedding further light on it, we design, build, and test a novel, rapid-response, soft end effector. The hummingbird beak embodies the capacity for swift movement, achieving closure in less than 10 ms. Previous work demonstrated that rapid movement is achieved through snap-through deformations, induced by muscular actuation of the beak's root. Using nonlinear finite element simulations coupled with continuation algorithms, we unveil a representative portion of the equilibrium manifold of the beak-inspired structure. The exploration involves the application of a sequence of rotations as exerted by the hummingbird muscles. Specific emphasis is placed on pinpointing and tailoring the position along the manifold of the saddle-node bifurcation at which the onset of elastic instability triggers dynamic snap-through. We show the critical importance of the intermediate rotation input in the sequence, as it results in the accumulation of elastic energy that is then explosively released as kinetic energy upon snap-through. Informed by our numerical studies, we conduct experimental testing on a prototype end effector fabricated using a compliant material (thermoplastic polyurethane). The experimental results support the trends observed in the numerical simulations and demonstrate the effectiveness of the bio-inspired design. Specifically, we measure the energy transferred by the soft end effector to a pendulum, varying the input levels in the sequence of prescribed rotations. Additionally, we demonstrate a potential robotic application in scenarios demanding explosive action. From a mechanics perspective, our work sheds light on how pre-stress fields can enable swift movement in soft robotic systems with the potential to facilitate high input-to-output energy efficiency.
This document outlines how the data in this repository is structured. The software required
to run the files in the repository is:
- Matlab
- MP4 player (for instance, VLC media player)
The folders in the repository are structured as follows.
- The folder "Figures" contains the Matlab plots that have been used for the figures in
the paper. All Matlab .fig files can be opened with Matlab and the curves copied then
elsewhere. The data from each of the figures can also be extracted from the plots
by accessing the object fields directly. See the Mathworks help pages for more details.
For example, see here: https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/2951-extracting-data-series-from-fig-file
- The folder "Video" contains the videos shot during the test or made based on the continuous photos
taken during the test. The formats of the videos are '.mp4' and '.m4v'.
The folder contains two additional folders:
i) MechanicalTestingFEVerification: the vidoes show the mechanical testing on the sensitivity study of pre-rotation on the response of the beak structure.
The folder contains six additional folders:
a) Pre-Rotation0.25: Videos for the pre-rotation being 0.25.
b) Pre-Rotation0.3: Videos for the pre-rotation being 0.3.
c) Pre-Rotation0.35: Videos for the pre-rotation being 0.35.
d) Pre-Rotation0.4: Videos for the pre-rotation being 0.4.
e) Pre-Rotation0.45: Videos for the pre-rotation being 0.45.
f) Pre-Rotation0.5: Videos for the pre-rotation being 0.5.
ii) BallThrower: the vidoes shows the beak-inspired catapult.
3. The folder 'stl' folder contains the `.stl' file for the beak model we used in the study.
Jiajia Shen, Martin Garrad, Qicheng Zhang, Vico Chun Hei Wong, Alberto Pirrera, Rainer M. J. Groh