Intestinal transit amplifying cells require METTL3 for growth factor signaling and cell survival
Data files
Nov 15, 2023 version files 72.47 GB
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial transit amplifying cells are essential stem progenitors required for intestinal homeostasis, but their rapid proliferation renders them vulnerable to DNA damage from radiation and chemotherapy. Despite their critical roles in intestinal homeostasis and disease, few studies have described genes that are essential to transit-amplifying cell function. We report that the RNA methyltransferase, METTL3, is required for survival of transit-amplifying cells in the murine small intestine. Transit-amplifying cell death after METTL3 deletion was associated with crypt and villus atrophy, loss of absorptive enterocytes, and uniform wasting and death in METTL3-depleted mice. Sequencing of polysome-bound and methylated RNAs in enteroids and in vivo demonstrated decreased translation of hundreds of unique methylated transcripts after METTL3 deletion, particularly transcripts involved in growth factor signal transduction such as Kras. Further investigation confirmed a relationship between METTL3 and Kras methylation and protein levels in vivo. Our study identifies METTL3 as an essential factor supporting the homeostasis of small intestinal tissue via direct maintenance of transit-amplifying cell survival. We highlight the crucial role of RNA modifications in regulating growth factor signaling in the intestine, with important implications for both homeostatic tissue renewal and epithelial regeneration.
README: RNAseq, Polysomeseq, and m6aseq in mouse small intestinal epithelium
This dataset contains the results of three sequencing experiments: RNAseq, Polysome-seq, m6Aseq.
A summary of experimental procedures is included below. For full methods details please refer to the associated research article.
RNAseq
Mettl3-flox/flox and VillinCreER;Mettl3-flox/flox ileal enteroids were expanded in Matrigel in 50% WRN media until approximately 8 to 10 million cells per replicate was achieved.
For each genotype, 3 passage separated replicates from the same enteroid line were used.
Media was supplemented with 2 uM 4-OHT to induce METTL3 deletion 72 hours prior to collection.
Libraries were prepared from total RNA using the Smarter® Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit v2 - Pico Input Mammalian (Takara Bio 634411) and sequenced on a Novaseq 6000, SP Reagent Kit 1.5 (100 cycles).
Libraries were demultiplexed with Illumina DRAGEN.
The reads were aligned to all transcripts on the mouse reference chromosomes (Gencode version M31, GRCm39) using Kallisto.
Polysome-seq (note that polysome-seq files have "riboseq" prefix")
Mettl3-flox/flox and VillinCreER;Mettl3-flox/flox ileal enteroids were expanded in Matrigel in 50% WRN media until approximately 8 to 10 million cells per replicate was achieved.
For each genotype, 3 passage separated replicates from the same enteroid line were used.
Media was supplemented with 2 uM 4-OHT to induce METTL3 deletion 72 hours prior to collection.
Polysomal RNAs were isolated as described in:
A. L. Cope, S. Vellappan, J. S. Favate, K. S. Skalenko, S. S. Yadavalli, P. Shah, Exploring Ribosome-Positioning on Translating Transcripts with Ribosome Profiling. Methods Mol. Biol. 2404, 83–110 (2022).
Once the rRNA-depleted polysomal RNA was obtained, it was pooled together, and the libraries were prepared.
The final library contains a 5' adapter – 4 random bases – insert – 5 random bases – sample barcode – 3’ adapter.
The randomized bases function as Unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) for deduplication.
The multiplexed library was then sequenced on Illumina HiSeq 4000 with PE150 runs (paired-end reading of 150 bases), with a sequencing depth of 60 million raw reads per sample.
For computational analysis, the raw sequencing data were demultiplexed, the adaptors were removed using cutadapt, the contaminant sequences (rRNA and tRNA) were depleted, and the reads were deduplicated (umi_tools dedup).
The reads were aligned to all transcripts on the mouse reference chromosomes (Gencode version M31, GRCm39) using Kallisto.
Translation efficiency (TE) was calculated by dividing the TPM in the total RNA library by the TPM in the polysome-seq library for each individual transcript and sample.
m6Aseq
Three wildtype C57BL/6J mice (Jax #000664, 2 male 1 female) aged 8 weeks were used.
Intestinal crypts were isolated from the distal half of the small intestine.
Isolated crypts were dissociated to single cells, epithelial cells were stained with fluorescent antibodies marking epithelial cells.
Approximately 800K live epithelial cells per mouse were then isolated by flow cytometry.
RIP-seq was performed according to the “Refined RIP-seq” protocol for low input material.
In brief, 5% of total RNA was set aside as input, remaining RNA was immunoprecipitated twice in succession with two independent m6a-specific antibodies.
Final cDNA Libraries were prepared from twice immunoprecipitated RNA and fragmented input total RNA using the Smarter® Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit v2 - Pico Input Mammalian (Takara Bio 634411) and sequenced on a Novaseq 6000, SP Reagent Kit 1.5 (100 cycles).
Raw reads were aligned to mm10 (gencode_M23_GRCm38.p6) using STAR aligner (2.7.9a).
N6-methyladenosine peaks were identified using exomePeak2 (version 1.2.0)
Description of the data and file structure
Fastq files are provided. Files are demultiplexed but aligned and unfiltered. The pipeline used for mapping and analysis is described above.
RNAseq
Files with prefix "C" are CTRL mettl3-flox/flox samples
Files with prefix "KO" are METTL3 KO vilcreert2;mettl3-flox/flox samples
Polysomeseq
Files with prefix "Riboseq_CTRL" are CTRL mettl3-flox/flox samples
Files with prefix "Riboseq_METTL3KO" are METTL3 KO vilcreert2;mettl3-flox/flox samples
m6Aseq
Files with prefix ending in "i" are input RNA
Files wih prefix ending in "r" are m6A-RIP RNA
Prefix "M2" and "M3" refer to male mouse replicates
Prefix "F3" refers to female mouse replicates
Usage notes
These data were processed using open sourced software as described in the methods section