Fossil relative abundance data in combination with specimen-level measurements can reveal community-level changes underpinning long-term ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However relative abundance data is not consistently reported in the paleontological literature, and measurement data is presented in individual studies in varying formats. Here, we compiled dental measurements (tooth crown length, width, and height) from the paleontological literature (or otherwise available sources) in a single database, simultaneously permitting analyses of size and relative abundance for the fossil record. This first version of the database focuses on large mammals and on the African and Arabian Neogene fossil record. Measurements of teeth of extant species were also collected. Each row gives the available measurements for a single tooth. Specimens with multiple teeth reported are divided among several rows. Taxonomic information was entered largely as given in the original source, without standardization or revision of taxonomic identifications. Geographic, stratigraphic, and assemblage information was also collected for fossil specimens, and specimens were assigned to individual 'computational localities' (normally combinations of geological unit and location) that can be treated as paleo-communities (metacommunities). Numeric ages and geographic and geological information for these localities are given in a corresponding spreadsheet. Sources are given for all measurement and age data. This dataset provides a powerful new resource for investigations of changes in relative abundance, body mass, or mass-abundance distributions in the fossil record.

All spreadsheets are in csv format and can be opened by a wide range of easily available programs such as Microsoft Excel, Apple Numbers, and Google Sheets.