Social interactions are rarely random. In some instances animals exhibit homophily or heterophily, the tendency to interact with similar or dissimilar conspecifics respectively. Genetic homophily and heterophily influence the evolutionary dynamics of populations, because they potentially affect sexual and social selection. Here we investigate the link between social interactions and allele frequencies in foraging flocks of great tits (Parus major) over three consecutive years. We constructed co-occurrence networks which explicitly described the splitting and merging of 85,602 flocks through time (fission-fusion dynamics), at 60 feeding sites. Of the 1711 birds in those flocks we genotyped 962 individuals at 4701 autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). By combining genome-wide genotyping with repeated field observations of the same individuals we were able to investigate links between social structure and allele frequencies at a much finer scale than was previously possible. We explicitly accounted for potential spatial effects underlying genetic structure at the population level. We modelled social structure and spatial configuration of great tit fission-fusion dynamics with eigenvector maps. Variance partitioning revealed that allele frequencies were strongly affected by group fidelity (explaining 27-45% of variance) as individuals tended to maintain associations with the same conspecifics. These conspecifics were genetically more dissimilar than expected, shown by genome-wide heterophily for pure social (i.e. space-independent) grouping preferences. Genome-wide homophily was linked to spatial configuration, indicating spatial segregation of genotypes. We did not find evidence for homophily or heterophily for putative socially relevant candidate genes or any other SNP markers. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing social and spatial processes in determining population structure.
Individual genotypes (SNP-markers)
Genotypes (SNPs markers) of all individuals in this study. Columns are SNP markers and rows are individuals. This matrix contains a header with SNP-marker names. Identities of the individuals can be found in the "list of individuals in the genotype matrix".
SNPs.csv
List of individuals in the genotype matrix
List of the identities of all individuals in the "individual genotypes" matrix. Each entry corresponds to a row in the "individual genotypes" matrix.
list_of_individuals_SNPs.csv
List of candidate genes
List of candidate genes. This file contains a header. marker_name corresponds to the marker identities (columns) in the " individual genotypes" matrix. gene_cat are the categories investigated in this study. candidate_gene are the corresponding gene names.
list_of_candidate_genes.csv
Individual by gathering event matrix 2007
This matrix indicates which individuals were present at which gathering events. Columns are gathering events, rows are individuals. Gathering events are ordered by time and date (from early to late). Presence at a gathering event is marked with a 1. The identities of the individuals can be found in the "list of individuals for the I by GE matrix 2007". The locations of the gathering events can be found in the "list of locations of the gathering events 2007".
individual_by_gathering_event_2007.csv
List of individuals for the I by GE matrix 2007
List of the identities of the individuals in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2007". Each entry corresponds to a row in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2007".
list_of_individuals_2007.csv
List of locations of the gathering events 2007
List of the locations of all gathering events in 2007. Each entry corresponds to a column in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2007". The values correspond to the rows and columns in the "spatial distance matrix" and the rows in the "eigen vectors of the spatial weighting matrix".
list_of_locations_of_gathering_events_2007.csv
Individual by gathering event matrix 2008
This matrix indicates which individuals were present at which gathering events. Columns are gathering events, rows are individuals. Gathering events are ordered by time and date (from early to late). Presence at a gathering event is marked with a 1. The identities of the individuals can be found in the "list of individuals for the I by GE matrix 2008". The locations of the gathering events can be found in the "list of locations of the gathering events 2008".
individual_by_gathering_event_2008.csv
List of individuals for the I by GE matrix 2008
List of the identities of the individuals in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2008". Each entry corresponds to a row in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2008".
list_of_individuals_2008.csv
List of locations of the gathering events 2008
List of the locations of all gathering events in 2008. Each entry corresponds to a column in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2008". The values correspond to the rows and columns in the "spatial distance matrix" and the rows in the "eigen vectors of the spatial weighting matrix".
list_of_locations_of_gathering_events_2008.csv
Individual by gathering event matrix 2009
This matrix indicates which individuals were present at which gathering events. Columns are gathering events, rows are individuals. Gathering events are ordered by time and date (from early to late). Presence at a gathering event is marked with a 1. The identities of the individuals can be found in the "list of individuals for the I by GE matrix 2009". The locations of the gathering events can be found in the "list of locations of the gathering events 2009".
individual_by_gathering_event_2009.csv
List of individuals for the I by GE matrix 2009
List of the identities of the individuals in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2009". Each entry corresponds to a row in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2009".
list_of_individuals_2009.csv
List of locations of the gathering events 2009
List of the locations of all gathering events in 2009. Each entry corresponds to a column in the "individual by gathering event matrix 2009". The values correspond to the rows and columns in the "spatial distance matrix" and the rows in the "eigen vectors of the spatial weighting matrix".
list_of_locations_of_gathering_events_2009.csv
Spatial distance matrix
The spatial distances between all feeding stations (in meters). Rows and columns correspond to the locations of the feeding stations, i.e. the values in the "list of locations of gathering events 2007/2008/2009" files.
spatial_distance_matrix.csv
Distance based Moran's Eigenvector Maps
The distance based Moran's Eigenvector Maps (db-MEMs) for all feeding stations. Rows correspond to the feeding station locations and columns to the 20 Eigenvectors.
spatial_weighting_matrix_Eigen_vectors.csv
Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps 2007
The Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps for the gathering events in 2007. Rows correspond to the gathering events and columns to the first 500 Eigenvectors.
asymmetric_eigenvector_maps_2007.csv.zip
Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps 2008
The Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps for the gathering events in 2008. Rows correspond to the gathering events and columns to the first 500 Eigenvectors.
asymmetric_eigenvector_maps_2008.csv.zip
Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps 2009
The Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps for the gathering events in 2009. Rows correspond to the gathering events and columns to the first 500 Eigenvectors.
asymmetric_eigenvector_maps_2009.csv.zip
