Determining the genetic basis of inbreeding depression is important for understanding the role of selection in the evolution of mixed breeding systems. Here, we investigate how androdioecy (a breeding system characterized by partial selfing and outcrossing) and dioecy (characterized by obligatory outcrossing) influence the experimental evolution of inbreeding depression in Caenorhabditis elegans. We derived inbred lines from ancestral and evolved populations and found that the dioecious lineages underwent more extinction than androdioecious lineages. For both breeding systems, however, there was selection during inbreeding because the diversity patterns of 337 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among surviving inbred lines deviated from neutral expectations. In parallel, we also followed the evolution of embryo to adult viability, which revealed similar starting levels of inbreeding depression in both breeding systems, but also outbreeding depression. Under androdioecy, diversity at a neutral subset of 134 SNPs correlated well with the viability trajectories, showing that the population genetic structure imposed by partial selfing affected the opportunity for different forms of selection. Our findings suggest that the interplay between the disruptions of coevolved sets of loci by outcrossing, the efficient purging of deleterious recessive alleles with selfing and overdominant selection with outcrossing can help explain mixed breeding systems.
Genotype_data
This file contains a table with genotypes of the individuals from populations (inbred and outbred) of generation 0 and 100.
R.Simulation_inbreeding
R script to simulate the haplotypes generated during inbreeding
SNP_info
Table with SNP marker information, used in the simulation of inbreeding.
hap_G0.A.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a androdioecious population from generation 0.
hap_G0.A.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a androdioecious population from generation 0.
hap_G0.D.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a dioecious population from generation 0.
hap_G0.D.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a dioecious population from generation 0.
hap_G100.A1.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a androdioecious population, replicate nº1, from generation G100.
hap_G100.A1.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a androdioecious population, replicate nº1, from generation G100.
hap_G100.A2.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a androdioecious population, replicate nº2, from generation G100.
hap_G100.A2.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a androdioecious population, replicate nº2, from generation G100.
hap_G100.A3.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a androdioecious population, replicate nº3, from generation G100.
hap_G100.A3.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a androdioecious population, replicate nº3, from generation G100.
hap_G100.D1.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a dioecious population, replicate nº1, from generation G100.
hap_G100.D1.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a dioecious population, replicate nº1, from generation G100.
hap_G100.D2.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a dioecious population, replicate nº2, from generation G100.
hap_G100.D2.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a dioecious population, replicate nº2, from generation G100.
hap_G100.D3.O_IV
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome IV haplotypes of a dioecious population, replicate nº3, from generation G100.
hap_G100.D3.O_X
Phased haplotypes present in a outbred population. Used for simulation of inbreeding. This are the chromosome X haplotypes of a dioecious population, replicate nº3, from generation G100.
