Exploring the impact of varied background on quantification of soil carbon content using microwave and millimeter wave signal reflectance
Data files
Apr 16, 2024 version files 4.84 GB
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glass_table.mat
1.20 GB
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high_glass.mat
3.80 MB
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high_metal.mat
3.80 MB
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high_sponge.mat
3.80 MB
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high_wood.mat
3.80 MB
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low_glass.mat
815.77 KB
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low_metal.mat
815.93 KB
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low_sponge.mat
815.54 KB
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low_wood.mat
815.48 KB
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med_glass.mat
1.56 MB
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med_metal.mat
1.57 MB
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med_sponge.mat
3.80 MB
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med_wood.mat
1.56 MB
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metal_table.mat
1.20 GB
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README.md
17.90 KB
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sponge_table.mat
1.21 GB
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wood_table.mat
1.21 GB
Abstract
The quantification of soil carbon content is paramount to the advancement of soil carbon management practices, serving as the bedrock for the development and implementation of various carbon-negative and carbon-neutral technologies. These technologies are crucial in the battle against climate change and in enhancing soil health to boost agricultural productivity. Therefore, we employ an innovative sensor technology comprised of a compact array, including 18 pairs of radar transmitters (TX) and receivers (RX) within a microwave radar array sensor, alongside a configuration of 20 TX and 20 RX pairs in a millimeter wave radar array sensor. For this kind of setup to work, the sensors need to be carefully tested to make sure they can capture changes in the soil's carbon content over time and space.
This dataset presents an exhaustive series of raw data aimed at evaluating the efficacy of these two sensor technologies in detecting soil carbon content. A distinctive aspect of this study is the examination of sensor performance across four divergent backgrounds—glass, metal, sponge, and wood surfaces—to ascertain the influence of background material on radar wave reflectance and, consequently, measurement accuracy. Furthermore, the investigation extends to the analysis of sensing distance as a critical parameter for classification accuracy, with the microwave radar array sensor tested across distances ranging from 1 inch to 4 inches and the millimeter wave radar sensor evaluated at intervals of 2.5 inches, 5 inches, 7.5 inches, and 10 inches. By providing a comprehensive dataset on the performance evaluation of cutting-edge sensor technologies, this study aims to facilitate further advancements in the field of soil carbon management, ultimately supporting the global effort to combat climate change through innovative and sustainable agricultural practices.
README: Exploring the impact of varied background on quantification of soil carbon content using microwave and millimeter wave signal reflectance
Reference Information
Authors: Di An, Patrick Zhang, YangQuan Chen
Data Created: 04/08/2024
Data Modified: 04/08/2024
Suggested Citations:
Dataset: An, Di; Zhang, Patrick; Chen, YangQuan (2024), Exploring the Impact of Varied Background on Quantification of Soil Carbon Content Using Microwave and Millimeter Wave Signal Reflectance, Dryad, https://10.5061/dryad.ghx3ffbx3 Corresponding publication: TBD
Data and File Overview
There are total 16 datasets, where 4 for microwave and 12 for millimeter wave, respectively. The name meaning as follows:
"glass_table", "metal_table", "sponge_table", "wood_table" = microwave sensing soil carbon content varied background such as glass, metal, sponge, and wood.
"high_glass", "med_glass", "low_glass" = three different resolutions from high, medium and low profile of millimeter wave sensing results under glass background.
"high_metal", "med_metal", "low_metal" = three different resolution from high, medium and low profile of millimeter wave sensing results under metal background.
"high_sponge", "med_sponge", "low_sponge" = three different resolution from high, medium and low profile of millimeter wave sensing results under sponge background.
"high_wood", "med_wood", "low_wood" = three different resolution from high, medium and low profile of millimeter wave sensing results under wood background.
Microwave 40 antenna pairs combination information:
| Antenna Pairs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tx, Rx | 1,2 | 1,3 | 1,6 | 1,7 | 1,10 | 1,11 | 1,14 | 1,15 | 1,4 | 1,8 |
| Antenna Pairs | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
| Tx, Rx | 1,12 | 1,16 | 1,18 | 17,2 | 17,3 | 17,6 | 17,7 | 17,10 | 17,11 | 17,14 |
| Antenna Pairs | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
| Tx, Rx | 17,15 | 17,8 | 17,12 | 17,16 | 4,2 | 4,3 | 4,6 | 4,7 | 4,10 | 4,11 |
| Antenna Pairs | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 |
| Tx, Rx | 4,14 | 4,15 | 18,2 | 18,3 | 18,6 | 18,7 | 18,10 | 18,11 | 18,14 | 18,15 |
Setup
- Unpacking instructions: N/A
- Relationships between files/folders: they are in different experiments sections
- Recommended software/tools: > Matlab 2020
File/Folder Details-Microwave
Details for: glass_table.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under glass background using high resolution profile and 40 antenna pair combination of microwave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 1,175,343 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 4800 rows x 8192 cols
- label: 4800 rows x 1 col
- Variables:
- glass_1in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 1 inch height of the sample.
- glass_2in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2 inch height of the sample.
- glass_3in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 3 inch height of the sample.
- glass_4in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 4 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, thus for one antenna pair combination it has 120 labels, therefore, it has 4800 labels in total. label '1-1' means first antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture. label '1-2' it means first antenna pair combination with second soil and biochar mixture. label '2-1' means second antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture, and so the rest labels on.
Details for: metal_table.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under metal background using high resolution profile and 40 antenna pair combination of microwave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 1,174,335 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 4800 rows x 8192 cols
- label: 4800 rows x 1 col
- Variables:
- metal_1in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 1 inch height of the sample.
- metal_2in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2 inch height of the sample.
- metal_3in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 3 inch height of the sample.
- metal_4in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 4 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, thus for one antenna pair combination it has 120 labels, therefore, it has 4800 labels in total. label '1-1' means first antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture. label '1-2' it means first antenna pair combination with second soil and biochar mixture. label '2-1' means second antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture, and so the rest labels on.
Details for: sponge_table.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under sponge background using high resolution profile and 40 antenna pair combination of microwave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 1,178,021 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 4800 rows x 8192 cols
- label: 4800 rows x 1 col
- Variables:
- sponge_1in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 1 inch height of the sample.
- sponge_2in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2 inch height of the sample.
- sponge_3in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 3 inch height of the sample.
- sponge_4in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 4 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, thus for one antenna pair combination it has 120 labels, therefore, it has 4800 labels in total. label '1-1' means first antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture. label '1-2' it means first antenna pair combination with second soil and biochar mixture. label '2-1' means second antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture, and so the rest labels on.
Details for: wood_table.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under wood background using high resolution profile and 40 antenna pair combination of microwave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 1,177,338 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 4800 rows x 8192 cols
- label: 4800 rows x 1 col
- Variables:
- wood_1in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 1 inch height of the sample.
- wood_2in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2 inch height of the sample.
- wood_3in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 3 inch height of the sample.
- wood_4in: raw data, using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 4 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, thus for one antenna pair combination it has 120 labels, therefore, it has 4800 labels in total. label '1-1' means first antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture. label '1-2' it means first antenna pair combination with second soil and biochar mixture. label '2-1' means second antenna pair combination with first soil and biochar mixture, and so the rest labels on.
File/Folder Details-Millimeterwave
Details for: high_glass.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under glass background using high resolution profile millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 3,707 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- high_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- high_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: high_metal.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under metal background using high resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 3,709 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- high_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- high_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: high_sponge.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under sponge background using high resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 3,708 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- high_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- high_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: high_wood.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under wood background using high resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 3,708 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- high_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- high_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- high_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: med_glass.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under glass background using medium resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 1,527 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- med_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- med_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: med_metal.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under metal background using medium resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 1,531 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- med_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- med_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: med_sponge.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under sponge background using medium resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 3,715 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- med_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- med_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: med_wood.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under wood background using medium resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 1,528 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- med_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- med_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- med_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: low_glass.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under glass background using low resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 797 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- low_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- low_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: med_metal.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under metal background using low resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 797 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- low_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- low_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: med_sponge.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under sponge background using low resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 797 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- low_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- low_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Details for: low_wood.mat
- Description: This is for classifying different amount of soil and biochar mixture under wood background using low resolution profile of millimeter wave sensor.
- Format(s): .mat
- Size(s): 797 KB
- Dimensions:
- Data: 120 rows x 1024 cols
- label: 120 rows x 1 cols
- Variables:
- low_25in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 2.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_50in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 5.0 inch height of the sample.
- low_75in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 7.5 inch height of the sample.
- low_100in: using high resolution profile to sense mixture at 10.0 inch height of the sample.
- labelCategorical: Total 6 classes, each label has 20 samples, therefore totally it has 120 labels.
Methods
Data Collection
Microwave Sensor:
- Frequency and Sampling: The microwave sensor operated at a transmission frequency of 109.2 GHz, with each sample undergoing 20 iterations of data collection to mitigate random noise interference.
- Antenna Configuration: The sensor configuration included 4 transmitters and 14 receivers, yielding 40 unique antenna pair combinations for comprehensive signal capture. The antenna pair combinations are in the readme file.
- Signal Features: Each signal acquisition resulted in 8192 distinct signal features, facilitating detailed analysis.
Millimeter Wave Sensor:
- Frequency Range and Sampling: The millimeter wave sensor’s operational frequency spanned from 62 GHz to 69 GHz, adopting an identical sampling strategy (20 times per sample) to ensure consistency in error reduction.
- Resolution and Sampling Points: Across the specified frequency range, 150 sampling points were established, with a resolution bandwidth (RBW) of 100 kHz chosen to balance sweep time and noise reduction.
- Antenna and Resolution Profiles: The sensor comprised 20 transmitters and 20 receivers, with data collected under three resolution profiles (high, medium, and low) utilizing configurations of 4, 10, and all 20 transmitters, respectively.
- Signal Features: The millimeter wave sensor captured 1024 features per antenna pair, enabling precise soil carbon content analysis.
Sample Preparation and Testing Environment:
- Soil and Biochar Mixture: Samples consisted of soil collected from almond tree fields, cleared of coarse matter like stones, and mixed with biochar produced from 100% pinewood. The mixtures varied in biochar content across six classes, ranging from 0% to 100%.
- Backgrounds and Sensing Distance: Data collection was conducted against four different backgrounds (glass, metal, sponge, and wood) to assess the impact of environmental interference on signal accuracy. The microwave sensor testing distances spanned from 1 to 4 inches, while the millimeter wave sensor was evaluated at distances of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 inches from the sample.