Dengue virus (DENV) causes the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans. Although Aedes mosquitoes transmit DENV when probing for blood in the skin, no information exists on DENV infection and immune response in the dermis, where the blood vessels are found. DENV suppresses the interferon response, replicates, and causes disease in humans but not wild-type mice. Here, we used mice lacking the interferon-α/β receptor (Ifnar–/–), which had normal cell populations in the skin and were susceptible to intradermal DENV infection, to investigate the dynamics of early DENV infection of immune cells in the skin. CD103+ classical dendritic cells (cDCs), Ly6C– CD11b+ cDCs, and macrophages in the steady-state dermis were initial targets of DENV infection 12-24 hours post-inoculation but then decreased in frequency. We demonstrated recruitment of adoptively-transferred Ly6Chigh monocytes from wild-type and Ifnar–/– origin to the DENV-infected dermis and differentiation to Ly6C+ CD11b+ monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which became DENV-infected after 48 hours, and were then the major targets for virus replication. Ly6Chigh monocytes that entered the DENV-infected dermis expressed chemokine receptor CCR2, likely mediating recruitment. Further, we show that ~100-fold more hematopoietic cells in the dermis were DENV-infected compared to Langerhans cells in the epidermis. Overall, these results identify the dermis as the main site of early DENV replication and show that DENV infection in the skin occurs in two waves: initial infection of resident cDCs and macrophages, followed by infection of monocytes and moDCs that are recruited to the dermis. Our study reveals a novel viral strategy of exploiting monocyte recruitment to increase the number of targets for infection at the site of invasion in the skin and highlights the skin as a potential site for therapeutic action or intradermal vaccination.
I_Dermis steadystate DC stain Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
I_Dermis steadystate DC stain WT
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
I_Dermis steadystate Mono stain Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
I_Dermis steadystate Mono stain WT
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
I_Epidermis steadystate Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
I_Epidermis steadystate WT
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
II_Epidermis 24h ADE DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
II_Epidermis 24h PBS Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
II_Epidermis 24h primary DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
II_Exp 24h Epidermis Compensation Matrix
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
II_Exp 24h Epidermis DENV Compensation Matrix
III_Dermis 24h ADE DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
III_Dermis 24h PBS Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
III_Dermis 24h primary DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
III_Dermis steadystate Ifnar (C inf)
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
III_Exp 24h Compensation Matrix_Dermis
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
III_Exp 24h Compensation Matrix
IV_Dermis 48h ADE DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
IV_Dermis 48h PBS Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
IV_Dermis 48h primary DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
IV_Dermis 72h ADE DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
IV_Dermis 72h primary DENV Ifnar
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
IV_Dermis steadystate Ifnar (C inf)
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
IV_Exp 48 & 72h Compensation Matrix
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Mono transfer Compensation Matrix
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Mono Ifnar to Ifnar Compensation Matrix
V_Ms1_Dermis mono Tx DENV-infected side
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Ms1_Dermis mono Tx DENV, non-infected side
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Ms2_Dermis no Tx DENV-infected side
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Ms2_Dermis no Tx DENV, non-infected side
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Ms3_Dermis mono Tx steadystate left
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Ms3_Dermis mono Tx steadystate right
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Ms4_Dermis no Tx steadystate left
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
V_Ms4_Dermis no Tx steadystate right
File type: The repository includes FSC 3.0 files that were exported from Diva software (BD Biosciences) and can be opened with FlowJo software (TreeStar). In some cases, an updated compensation matrix is included for a specific experiment that should be applied to the FCS files within the FlowJo software. Fluorescent channels also indicate the specifically stained markers.
Schmid Inventory of data repository
Read this PDF for instruction on how to read the data files, the experiments and identity of the files.