Data for: Predictable local adaptation in butterfly photoperiodism but not thermal performance along a latitudinal cline
Data files
Mar 25, 2024 version files 24.02 MB
Abstract
In seasonal environments, organisms must synchronize their life cycles to conditions favorable for growth and reproduction. Because season length varies geographically, local adaptation should arise in traits that regulate phenological responses. Geographic photoperiodism clines are well-known, but comparable studies on thermal performance are equivocal and often overlook non-linear responses. Therefore, we examined local adaptation in plastic responses to both photoperiod and temperature along a 752 km latitudinal cline, by comparing four Swedish populations of the butterfly Pieris napi. Using a common garden design, we estimated (1) photoperiod response curves for diapause induction and (2) thermal performance curves for development and growth rates. We show that differences in photoperiodism follow the expected geographical pattern, where diapause is induced at longer daylengths in northern populations (where growth seasons are short and summer days long). However, population differences in thermal performance curves were small and seemingly idiosyncratic, without clear clinal patterns. Photoperiodic responses appear to evolve more readily than thermal responses, highlighting photoperiodism as a key driver of local life cycle synchronization.
README: Data for: Predictable local adaptation in butterfly photoperiodism but not thermal performance along a latitudinal cline
We collected data on development, growth, and diapause parameters in four different populations of the Swedish butterfly, Pieris napi, in different temperature and photoperiod treatments. We find clear patterns of local adaptation in photoperiodic responses but not in thermal responses. Data for the thermal treatments for development and growth are combined in "development_data.txt", and data for photoperiod treatments can be found in "diapause_data.txt". We also provide data on population observations ("skane_obs.txt", "stockholm_obs.txt", "dalarna_obs.txt", "vasternorrland_obs.txt"); on temperature data recorded by Swedish weather stations ("ws_horby.txt", "ws_stockholm.txt", "ws_mora.txt", "ws_lungo.txt"); and our sampling locations ("sampling_weatherstation_location.txt") that were used to produce Figure 1.
Description of the data and file structure
The two main datasets "development_data.txt" (1) and "diapause_data.txt" (2) are to be interpreted as follows:
DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH DATA (1); "development _data.txt":
ID = ID to identify the individual
life.stage = one of three life stages ("egg", "larva", "pupa")
tmt = treatment, i.e., the temperature (°C) the climate cabinet was set to
temp = actual mean temperature (°C) that individual experienced during the treatment time as measured by temperature loggers
pop = one of four populations ("SK", "ST", "VNL", "DAL") as in Skåne, Stockholm, Västernorrland and Dalarna
fam = family (for family structure see Supporting Information)
container = container ID (only for larval stage), because 5 larvae were pooled together and we account for potential container effects
sex = binary, male or female (was only determined for larval and pupal stage)
pup.mass = pupal mass (g), measured 24h after pupation
adu.mass = adult mass (g), measured immediately after eclosion, not used in analysis (usually quite noisy)
dead = mortality, 0 for surviving individuals, 1 for dead individuals, and 3 for diapausing individuals (the latter was omitted for analysis)
f.e. = failed eclosion, omitted in analysis (not relevant for pupal development time)
outbred = only for eggs, determines which treatment round the eggs belonged two (see manuscript and the supporting information for details)
tmt.bg = treatment background, only for pupae, determines whether pupae where in the same temperature treatment as larvae (see manuscript and supporting information for details)
dev.time = development time, days it took to complete that specific life stage
notes = notes
additionally for DIAPAUSE DATA (2) "diapause _data.txt":
batch = which experimental round,(see manuscript and supporting information for details)
ind = individual, not relevant for analysis
treatment = which photoperiod treatment (in h of light)
start.date = date when larvae were put into treatment
pup.date = date of pupation
mass = mass at pupation (g)
eclosion.date = date of eclosion
diapause = binary, whether that individual entered diapause (1) or not (0)
comments = comments
TO PRODUCE FIGURE 1
showing sampling locations, observation patterns of adult P. napi flying, and climatic conditions in the respective regions we used the following data files:
SAMPLING LOCATIONS: "sampling_weatherstation_location.txt" shows different locations (in latitude and longitude) of either the weather stations or where wild females were caught to procure the offspring used in the experiment for each respective population (columns are named accordingly).
OBSERVATIONS: "skane_obs.txt", "stockholm_obs.txt", "dalarna_obs.txt", and "vasternorrland_obs.txt" ---> columns represent region and the date where one observation of an adult Pieris napi was reported. Data was retrieved from Artportalen, the Swedish species observation system (www.artportalen.se/ViewSighting/SearchSighting).
WEATHER STATIONS: "ws_horby.txt" (weather station in Skåne), "ws_stockholm.txt" (weather station in Stockholm), "ws_mora.txt" (weather station in Dalarna), and "ws_lungo.txt" (weather station in Västernorrland ---> The two columns in each file represent temperature recordings in °C (temp) at the respective date and time (date.time). Long term temperature recordings from these weather stations was retrieved from SMHI (www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=core).
Sharing/Access information
Data for Figure 1 was derived from the following sources:
www.artportalen.se/ViewSighting/SearchSighting
www.smhi.se/data/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=airtemperatureInstant,stations=core)
Code/Software
All scripts and analyses were run in R, Version 2023.03.0+386, and all packages and functions used are stored in the script "packages_and_functions.R". It needs to be run first, but it is incorporated in the other scripts for a smooth workflow.
"development_growth_script.R" prepares data, runs models for TPCs for both development rate and growth rate, and extracts the posteriors and TPC parameters into separate files to be used for subsequent figure generation.
"diapause_script.R" prepares data, run the model for the photoperiodic reaction norm, extracts the posteriors and TPC parameters into separate files to be used for subsequent figure generation.
Run "figure_script.R" last to generate all the figures used in the main manuscript. Note that final pictures were post edited in Inkscape.