Instruction manual for simulation programs Prior to run simulation, please confirm that a directory (C:\Simulation results) for saving simulation results exists in your PC. The simulation produces *.csv file for MS-EXCEL in this folder. Query 1. Number of SubPopulations Input the number of patches in a metapopulation. (e.g. 10, 20, 50) Query 2. Initial Number of Monandrous Female in each SubPopulation Input the number of monandrous female in each patch at the first generation. Query 3. Initial Number of Polyandrous Female in each SubPopulation Input the number of polyandrous female in each patch at the first generation. For the symmetrical competition (see the paper), enter the same number (e.g. 5) to the queries 2 and 3. For the invasibility analysis (see the paper), enter 1 for the intruding genotype and greater number (e.g. 4) for the defending genotype. The program automatically set the first patch as (1, 4) and the other patches as (0, 5): (the number of the intruder, the number of the defender in the patch). Query 4. Carrying Capacity of Each SubPopulation Input the sum of queries 2 and 3 (e.g. 5+5=10, 1+4=5). Query 5. Mating Frequency of Polyandrous Female Input 2 or more. For program validation, input 1, in which "monandrous polyandry" and "original monandry" compete each other. Query 6. Maximum Fecundity of Females (>= 100) Usually input 100. Query 7. Maximum Number of Calculating Generation Input 5000 or more. The intrinsic male quality scenario (binomial quality distribution) Query 8. Bad male frequency in population (from 0 to 1) In the most intensively simulated case (see the paper), we adopted 0.22. The intrinsic male quality scenario (continuous quality distribution) Query 8-1. population average of male quality (from 0 to 1) In the most intensively simulated case (see the Online supporting information and Fig.S2C), we adopted 0.5. Query 8-2. truncation point (from 0 to 0.5) In the most intensively simulated case (see the Online supporting information and Fig.S2C), we adopted 0.37. The genetic incompatibility scenario (gametophytic incompatibility) Query 8. Number of alleles in compatibility locus (>= 3) In the most intensively simulated case (see the paper), we adopted 4. Query 9. Migration Rate (from 0 to 0.9) We adopted 0.01 (i.e. 1% dispersal) in most cases. Query 10. % Costs of Polyandry (from 0 to 100) Input the remating cost value (per cent reduction of fecundity).