xread 285 132 Proganochelys_quenstedti 0100001000000011?000?000?????000100000?00000?00020010010000000000101??100000?0??000003?000?0?00?0000?000??010010000?01000000000000000000?0000000001000?0210?0001?0001000010???0???100?????000?0000???0002?0000010?????000100??0?0100000?000000???1?0?1000011000010?0000000???0??00?000???0?0? Platychelys_oberndorferi ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10?????00??1??0??????00?000001110211?00110100110000012000100011110000001??10000000100010111012000???????????????????????????????0?000?010 Notoemys_laticentralis ??????????????????????????????????0??????????????????????????????????????????????00000?1???0?0????1010????01100000000?0000000000?0??????????????????10?????00??1?1?0?????00200000100021100011?101021000001000111001110000001??10000000100010?1?0??0?????????????0??????0001?2???????0??001011 Bonapartemys_bajobarrealis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?11200110?00021100????1110211???1?101110100100100001??1011000010010101?????01???????????????????????????????1??00?10? Prochelidella_cerrobarcinae ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????????????01200110?00122101?????????0100110101?10011110??0012??100100001001100110?1001???????????????????????????????1???????? Pseudemydura_umbrina 000000000010030??0000000?0???000102001010?00?0001120000000000??00000?01?0000?0??000000011000001???20202000?000020000010??000010010??00?0?00000??000?????????????????????011114?????0011000???????????001100000010?1110??1012??102111?110011111???1?001?????????????????0200?2?????111????2??? Elseya_dentata 000000000110030??100000000???000102001010001000111200010000100?00000?0110000?000120000010000001?0010201100010001000001000100010020000000?0001000000?100000010000000102?0001104?????0011100102011101111??101010001?1110100112??1021???0??010001??12?0010001010010100000101001211001001?0002100 Emydura_macquarii 000000000110030??100000000???000102001010000?00010200000000000?00001?0010000?000120000010000001?0010201000010001000?01000000000010000000?0001010000?1000?0010000000112?0?01104?????001110010211100101001101000000?111010011200102100?010010001??1200010001110011100000102011201001001?0002100 Myuchelys_latisternum 000100?01110030??100000000???000102001010001000011200010000000?00000?00?0000?0?0020000010000001??010201000?10?01?00001000100010012??0000?0001010000?1000?0010000000102?0?01104?????0011100102010001111??101010010?1110100102??102100?010010001???2?001?????????????????0????21????001?0?02100 Acanthochelys_radiolata 0?0001?00110030??123000000???000102001010000?00010200100000000?00000?0110000?000020000011000001?00102110000?0??1100?0?000000012010?????????1????????1000000??01??0012???00?104?????011110110201020211001101011100?1110??0002??212100?01001100100111001????????????????????????????201?0002100 Platemys_platycephala 0?0000000010030??110000000???000100001010000?01010000100000000?00110?0110000?000020000011000001?0021211000010??1100000000000012010?????????1????????1000030??12??0010???002104?????111100110201020200001101001100?0111100002??202100?01001100100011001?????????????????02?0??0????001?0?02100 Phrynops_hilarii 0?0010?00110030??123000000???000102001010000?00010200100000000?00000??110000?000020000011000001?0021211000010001100?00000000012010000010?00100??0?0?1000100??01??0010???00110231000011110110201020200001101011100001101?0001??102100?00001101100010001???????????????0?02211210101001?0002100 Phrynops_geoffroanus ?00?10000110030??123000000???000102001010000?00010200100000000?00000?0110000?000020000011000001?0021211000010001100?00000000012010000010?0010000000010?????10??01?01?200?0110[2 3][3 4]1000011110?102??01?2??0?1101011100001101?00?1??102100?0100110110?0100010001110011100000102211211011001?0002100 Mesoclemmys_nasuta 0?0010?00110?30??123000000???000102001?1?000??001020010000000??00000??110000?000020000001000001?00212110000100?1100?00000000?12020??0010?00100000?0?1000100?001??0010???0????34?1300121101102???2?2??001101011100001101?0002??102100?010011001???1?001???????????????????????1????001?00?2100 Chelodina_colliei 200100000210030???32000100???000102001110010??0010200100000001?00101?0110000?000020000011000001?0010201000010?01100000000000012002??0010?0010000000?1110220?0010011102?01011125110000010011020102001100000101110100001000002??122111?110010001??1?0101???????????????0?01201200001201?0002100 Chelus_colombianus ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0110120001111[0 1]10[0 1]???021?2?10?????1??1100????0100001??1?2100?0?0011001001?011???????????????????????????????????????? Chelus_fimbriatus 201?00?00110030??123000000???000102001001010?00010000100000000?00100?0110000?000020000011000001?1020201000010001100?01000000012000000010?001000000201100210100000111220000110[0 1][0 1 2]00011111101201011221010001010111001111010000101102110?000001001001[0 1]00111101111?1110?000102211200001201?0002100 Hydromedusa_tectifera 200001000210030??132000000???000102001010010?0001020010000000??00000?0111000?000020000011000001?0020201000000001100?01000000012002000010?00100??000?1111221?0120011112?01010111001001111011020003010101010100011000000100002??102100?010011101001110010001111?11100000101101201001101?0002100 Hydromedusa_maximilliani 2?000????????30?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????0???????????????1??????????????????????????1????????1111221??12??1111???101001100100101101102000301??01010101001001110??0002??1[0 2]2100?0100111110011100????????????????????????0????201?0?02100 Yaminuechelys_maior 2??????0?????30??11????1?????00???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2000?0?0??1???????????????????00?0?00100?0?00?11102200?130?1110????10200110000011100??21102011100010101111000110??01?1??100000001001?111101??01?????????????????????????????2?1???0?100 Yaminuechelys_gasparinii 2?0100?00210?30??112?00100???000???????00?????????0?0????????0?0????????1??0???0??????????????????????200000???????????????????????????????1????????11?0??00?12??1110????1020011000001110010???02?1??000101011110001100????0???000??0??????101??1???01????????????????????????????2?1?000?100 Pelusios_castaneus 101?010000000111?23200010?1010001000000000010010??00001000010?001????0110000?000220000011000001??020200100010101??0?010000000000120010?0?00[0 1]1010?00020??0???0??1?001?20?00??01?1??00??1??010200??0?001??101000000[0 1]????1?0112???001???01?0?1011??010001????????????????????????????20?0?0?2000 Pelusios_sinuatus 101?01?000000111?23200010?101000100000000000?0000?000010000100001????0110000?0??220000011000001?1?202000000101?1000?01000000000012??1?10?000101??00?20???0010??1?00102?10011022113000211001?200?101001??10100000000110100112??1001001010011011?0010001010111001010?00110000120??0120?0?0?2000 Pelomedusa_subrufa 101?010000000111?232000100101000100000000000?0100?000010000000001????0110000?000220000011000001?1020200000010101000?01000000000012001010?00110100000200000010131?001020100210121[0 1]00011111010200?101001??10100011000110100112??101100001001101100010002010111001010?00110000120111020000002000 Araripemys_barretoi 2?1?010002000211?230000100???000100000000010?01020000000000000001????0010000?000200000011000001?1020200???01000[1 2]000?00000000000000??1000?0010011?00021????010021?111120??122000102000101001?200?101011??20110112010110000110??022000?020??11?1?1???001010101001110?001100011201[0 1]01?0100000??0 Laganemys_tenerensis 201?010002000210021000000????000100000000010??????000?000??0?0000??1?0010000?0?02000000110?0001??020201000010102000?00000000?00100??1000?0011000?00?210??1010????1111????102001002000100001?2?1?111??1??2011010000????000110??0210001020??11?1?????001????????????????????????????2010??00??0 Euraxemys_essweini 101?0100010002100210000100?0?000100000000000?00020000010000100000101?0010000?000100000011000001??0100010??011002010000100100000120??1000?0011010?00120?????10??1??11?2???011?00100000111101?2???1?1??1??1110???00?0110100110??1?11000010011101?0?1?001???????????????1?0?????0????0000?002000 Dirqadim_schaefferi 101?0100?10?02?0011000?00????000?00000000010?01?0?0000100?010000?????011000?????100000011??0001?102010????0110?2010??0100100000120???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??01?0001010?0?110001?20?101?0?0??????? Sokatra_antitra 101?010001000011??2?0001?0???000100000010?0???????000010??010000?????0110000?0002200000100??001??01021?00001?00201???0100100000011???0?0??0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????000??2?????00?1??????? Atolchelys_lepida ??1??10??????????????0?????????0?000????0??0?010?????11100000???0111??010000?0?????????11??0112???2001??????0????11?001??1???1?011????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????????????111?????11?????0????11001?0?0???????????????????????????????????????? Cearachelys_placidoi 001?010001000011?221000100???01010000000100??0?0??0000011?0000100??1?0110010?0000[0 2]0000000101112?101000010011010202100021010101002100100100000210?010???????1???0???1?????011000101000[1 2]11101?20??112??1??10100011011110100010??1011000010011001?001?001?????????????????0?00???????0000?0?2000 Galianemys_emringeri 001?[0 1]100?10?00?1?22?00?100???010?0000?001000?000??0000?1???00010?????1?1?010?0??011010000??1112?1010000100110002?21?002101010101?100?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1001111000010?001001001101001?0?0??????? Galianemys_whitei 001?0100?10?00?1?21?00?10????010?0000?001?00?000??0000?1???000100?0??1?1?010?0??011010000??1112?1010000100110002?21?002101010101?100?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111111000110?001000001101[0 2]01?0?0??????? Kurmademys_kallamedensis 001?0100?10?0111?23100?11????00010000000000100100?0000111?000010?????1110010?0??2110100101?1112?1000200100110001021?002001100100210??0?10?001210?010???????1?????????2???0110231?0?0121?101?201011?001??1?100?10000110??0??2???011111??0???00100??1?01?????????????????0???????????0?100??000 Sankuchemys_sethnai ??1?01?0?10????1?231?0?1??????0??0?????00?0??010??000??1???100000?1????1??10?0?????????1???11?????1000?????10????2???02??1?????0?1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Kinkonychelys_rogersi 001?010001000?????1?00???0????0?10????0?0?????????000011??0000???????1??0?1??0?02110000001?1?1??101000????1?0101021?0020011001002100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0???????????0????????? Foxemys_mechinorum 001?110001001011?21100010????00010100000100110000?000111100000100101?1110010?0??0100001001?1112??010000100110102021?00211110010021??11?11?000211?11????????1??????11?2???0110121?0?0111?101?201111?0[0 1]1??10100011000110?11110??111111[0 1]0110110?110011001?????????????????0???????????00000??000 Foxemys_trabanti 001?110001001???????00??0????00010100?0?1??????????001111?0000?0?????1?1?010?0???10000100101112?1010000100110102?21100211110010021??11?11000021101??2??????1???????1???0?01??121?0?011??????2?1??1?0[0 1]1????10????????????1?????1?1??100?????0?1?0???????????????????????0????????????????????? Polysternon_provinciale 001?11?0?10??0?1?21??0?1?????000?0?00??01?0110??210001?110?00?10?????????010?0??0100001101?1112??010000100110112021?002??11001?0?1?????????0?????????????????????????????11??121?0?0111?1?1?2?1?11?0[0 1]1??1010??110??????10??2??101?1110?101?0?1?0?1100??????????????????0????????????000???000 Araiochelys_hirayamai 011?0110?10?1??1?21??0?1?????000?1100?0000110000210101?210?010??0?0??1???020?0??011001100??1102?1020111100110101?21??02111100101?1??11?11?10?001?11??????????????????????????2?2?0???1??????2?1?11??????111???110??????????0???21?101??0???0?1?0??0?01111000000110?001?10000???0??000?00????? Zolhafah_bella 001?11000200?????????????1????0?01??????000110?0??000111110010??01?1?1110020?0???110011001?1?0???010110???0?0?01022?0021?1100?002100?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????1????????????????????? Rosasia_soutoi 001?1100?20?10?1????00??01???000?1????0?10010000210001?220?010110?0??1?1?020?0??01100?100??1112??01000??????0?????????211110???1?100?????????????????????????????????????11??121?0?0101?1???????1????1??1110??010??????11??0???01?0000?001?0?1???11002?????????????????1????????????0?0???000 Bothremys_maghrebiana 011?111002001011?21110?110???0000110[0 1]0000011000021121112200010110101?1110020?0??011001100??1002?10201101001101110211?021111001[0 1]12210110100100201011??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111000000010?011?1000??0??????????????? Bothremys_cooki 011?111002001???????10??10???00?11????0?0011000021121112200010??0101?1110020?0?????????001?1?0??1?201?????1?0?0102?1002??11?011?22101?01001002??01???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?11000000?????1???00?0001?????????????? Bothremys_arabicus 0???1??0????????????1???10??????11????0?0??11?0021????1220001???0101??1?0020?0??01100??0???1?0???02011????1?0101022?0021?11001?122??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Bothremys_kellyi 011?11100200?0?1?21??0?1?????00?01100?00001110?0??0211?220?01??1?????1???020?0??011001100??1?02?1?10111100110101?22???21?1100111?2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111?000?0?????1??1?00??0????00????????? Chedighaii_hutchisoni 011?111002001??1?21?10?11????00010100?000?????????011??22??000100????1?1?020?0??01100?10???1002??020110100110101?21??02111100111?2????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????00?0??????? Chedighaii_barberi 0?1?11?0?20?????????10???????00??010?0??0??????0??011111??0000???????11???20?0??011?01100????0???02011????1?0??1?21??0211110?1112210?1?10?10?2010?1????????1??????11?????1111131?0?0120?101?201011?011??10100011001110?11110??12111000100110011001000???????????????????????????????0?00??000 Taphrosphys_sulcatus 001?01?00?0???????1??0????????????0110???10???????0??????????????????1??????????011100?1?1?1?0??11101111000101010201?0211110010021?1???????????????????????1??????11?2???0110121?0?0110?101?20[1 2]111?011??10100?01001110?01112??101110?11001110111?1000??????????????????1????????????0?00????? Taphrosphys_ippolitoi 001?01?0010??010?11??0?1?????101?0011?10010100?0210101?0???00101?????101??0??0??0111001101?1??2?1110110???0101010211?02??110010021?1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11000000111?00??12110011001?0?0??????? Taphrosphys_congolensis 0?1?0??00????0100110?001?????101?0011010?10????????10??????????1?????111?????0??011?0?11???1??????1011?1??01010102110021111001?02100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????1000?????????????????????????????0?000?????? Acleistochelys_maliensis 001?01000000001???1?000100???00111?00010001100100?010110000111?10111?1110100?2000110001011?1010??01000????110011021?00211110010122??????????????????2????????0000????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0????????????????????? Azabbaremys_moragjonesi 001?0100000?0011?21?00?10????001?0100?100010?1100?0100?00??001010?1??111?10??1??011003100??1012??020110100010101?21??02111100101?200?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????1??????????00?0??????? Labrostochelys_galkini 111?01100?0??0100?1000?1?????10??0?11??0001110?0210201?00??001010?????11?00??0??0111011001?1?02?102021????0?0111?21??02111100101?1?0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1010000000011?0010101000010?1?0?0??????? Phosphatochelys_tedfordi 011?0101010?0010011?01?11????001?0011?11010100100?0011?00??00000?????111?10??0??0111001001?1102?1120110100010101?21??02111100100?[1 2]?0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111000010111?111?121100111?120?0??????? Ummulisani_rutgersensis 011?0101010?0010011??1??0????001?0011?11010100?00?0011?0???00000?????1????0?????0111031101?1?0??1120211???010111?21??02111100?00?1?0????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????1?1?1001?000?1???1?00002111000010111?111?1210?011[0 2]01000?0?????? Rhothonemys_brinkmani 011?01?00100?????110?101?????00????1?01?0?1???????001????????????????1??????????011100?????????????????????????10?????????1??10?????110000000000011??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Arenila_krebsi 0???01?00100?0????1?00???0???00?101???0???0???0?2101000000000???0101?1110?00?1?0011?031201?101????1000?1?0??0111021?002111?0?1?222?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0????????????????????? Nigeremys_gigantea 001?01?0010?00?1?21??0?1?????00??00???0?000101012101000000000???0101??0?0100?1??0110031201?1012??0????0????10?11????0?2??110??0222???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0????????????????????? Brasilemys_josai 0????????1??011???2?000100???000?0000000????????????00?0??000000?????01?001??0001000000110011120?0101000??11100201100?200110000021??1000?00010100?2?20?????00????0?1?????0110111000001????1?2?10?1?001??101000000??????????????0?????????????1?????????????????????????0200???????20?0??????? Hamadachelys_escuilliei 0?1?0100010001100220?0010010?000100000000?0???????010010100000000??1?0110010?0002200010110011120001010?1?0010002001011200110000021001000?0001010?021??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111000011001001002001?011?1?0?0??????? Portezueloemys_patagonica 0???01???100??1?012????1??11??????00????????????????????????????0??1??1?00?0?0???2?????1??011130??101??1????0??2??1011?0?11?00???1??????????????????????????????????????????02210?000?????????1?112??1??1?1?0?020????????11???1011101?100????1??0???0???????????????????????????????????????? Bauruemys_elegans 001?0100010001100120000100000000100000000000?01021010010100000000101?0[0 1]10010?000220001010001113000101011000100010010112001100000210?1000?0001010?02?20?????0011????10200?01102[2 3]101000211001?2010112001??11100000000110100110??101111101001100110010001111101001000100??0210?00?101200000??000 Cambaremys_langertoni ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????20?????0?????????200?02101210000021??0???010112??1??10100?0000?1???????0???01??11????????1000?0?0???????????????????????????????????????? Peiropemys_mezzalirai 001?01000100021011000001?000000010000000??01100021010000100000000101?0010010?0002200010100011130??10101101010001001111200110000021?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0??????????10?0??????? Lapparentemys_vilavilensis 001?01000100021011000001?0000000100000000001100021010010100000000101?0010010?00012000101000111300010101101010001001111200110000021??1000?00010100?20????????1????????10??011012100000211001?2010112001??10100000000110100110??10111100110110011001?001????????????1????02001??1???100000??000 Pricemys_caiera 0????????1????10?10???????2?1??0?00000?????????????100???00000????????????10?0?0120001010001?130?01010???10100010011112001100??021?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0????????????????????? Cerrejonemys_wayuunaiki 00??01?00100??101100?011??000000?0000??1??????????010?????0?00001?????0?0??0?0???2???1???0?1?13??0????11?10100??001??12001???00021??10111000?1??11??20?????11??????1?11??0110??1000002????????1?1????1??11100?110??????????????011??1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Podocnemis_vogli 001?01?0110001101100001100000000?00000010001100121010011010100000101?0010010?0002200010110011130001010110101000100111120011000002100100111001110?120?0??????1??????1??1??011011100000201101?2011112001??011000111????0??011000101111101001101110010001?????????????????01?????????0000?0?2100 Podocnemis_lewyana 0?1?01?01100??101?0?0?1102100000???0???10????00121???00??101????1????00100100000220001??10011?3000101011?1?1?001001111???11??0????001?0??1?0??????20?0??????1??????1??1??01101210000020??01?2011012001??0110001100011?100110??10111110100110011001000??????????????????????????????000?0?2100 Podocnemis_unifilis 001?0100110001101100001100100000100000010001100121010001010100001????0010010?00022000101100111300010101101010001001111200110000021001001110011101120200??00111300011011000100[1 2][2 3]100100201001?2011012001??0[0 1]1000110001101001121010111[0 1]1010011001100100021111111?10001001001001001101200000?2100 Podocnemis_erythrocephala 001?0100110001101100001100?000001000000100011001210100110101000001?1?0[0 1]10010?0002200010110011131001010110101000100111120011000002100100111001110?120200??000101010110110?020012100000111101?2011012001??1[0 1]10001200011010011211101111101001100110010002?????????????????????????????00000?2100 Podocnemis_expansa 001?0100110001101100001102100000100000010001100111010001010100001????0010010?10012000101100111310010101101010001001111200110000021001001110011101120200??0011130001101100011012100000201001?2011012001??0[0 1]10001200011010011211101111101001101110010001011111????001001001?????????000000?2100 Podocnemis_sextuberculata 001?0100110001101100001102100000100000010001101111010001010100001????0010010?00002000101100111310010101101010001001111200110000021??10011100111011202000000111101011011000110[1 2][2 3]1[0 1]0101201101?2011012001??0110001100011010011210101111[0 1]01001101110010001?????????????????01?????????00000002100 Podocnemis_bassleri 0?1?01001100?1101100?0110?100000100000010001?011??00100101010?00???????10010?000?20001011001113??010101101010001?0111?2??110???021??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Caninemys_tridentata 001?010001000?101?00000?00101000?00000000001000021011011010100000101?0??0110?000020002001001113??01010?1?10?00010011112??110000021??????????????????????????1????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2?????????????????0????????????????????? Stupendemys_geographicus ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1011???101?0?1110121000002????1???1????001????101?1000???0?????????011??1??0????01100?0?0??????????????????????????????????00?000 Dacquemys_paleomorpha 001?0100000001101000?000??010000?00000?00000?1000?01001101010?001????02?0?10?0?0220001010001113??0101021010100010011112??110000021????0111?001???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????????????????????0?????????? UCMP_42008 011?01?00000?0101000?000???1?001????00?00?0???????01001??1010?00?????0???????????2?0??1??00?113???????21???0?????????????????????????001100001?0?1???????????????????????1????????0??????????????????????????0???????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Carbonemys_cofrinii 001?01000000??101100?0010????000?0000?000000?0100?01?01101000000??????2?0010?0???????1?0???1113??0???001010100????11??2001???00021???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2??????????????????????????????????????? Peltocephalus_dumerilianus 001?01000000001011001001?0201001?0000000100101100?010011010100001????0110010?00012000101000111320010100100010001001101200110000021001001100011101121200??0011010001101000011012100000211001?2011112001??0110001200011010111001101110[0 1]01001100110010000??????????????????1??????????0000002?00 Kenyemys_williamsi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11112210010011110????????2??1??01100011001110100112??1011111000101001???2?00???????????????????????????????????????? Turkanemys_pattersoni 001?01?0000001101100?001??00?000?0000000100??010??01001101010?001????0010010?0??220001010001113??010100101?10001??110?2??1???00021??1001110011?01?2?2???????2????????????01002310000011100???111012001??10100011000110100112??1011111000101001?0010000???????????????????????????????????2??? Erymnochelys_madagascariensis 001?01000000001011001001?0101000?00000000001001021010011010100001????0010010?0002200010100011132001010010001000100110120011000002100100110001110112120???0002130101101000011023100000211001?2011012001??11100011000110100112??10111110001010011?020000??????????????????1?????????2000?????00 Neochelys_fajumensis 001?010000000110?100?00101000000100000000001001021010011010000001????0110010?0001200010100011132?0101001?10100010011?12?01100?0021??1?011000?1????2????????????????????1?01?0[1 2][2 3]10000??1101??????112??1??10100?1100011010?112??101111[0 1]00010100110?2?001?????????????????0???????????0?0??????? Neochelys_arenarum 001?0100000000101100?0010?30000010000000100100102101001101000?001????0010010?0002200010100011132?0101001??010001?0110?2??110???021??1??11000??10?12??????????????????????01??2310000021?????????11???1???1?00?1???????????????1011111[0 1]10001??1???1?0?1??????????????????????????????????????? Neochelys_franzeni 0?1?01000000?0101100?0010?300000?0000000000???1???0100??????0?00?????0?1?0?0?0??22000??1?0011132?01010????010001?0110?2??110???0?1??1?0????0???0?1202???????2?????11?????0110[1 2][2 3]10000021100102???112001??1110001100011010011[0 2]??1011110[0 1]00001001???1?001??????????????????????????????0?00??000 Papoulemys_laurenti 001?0100000001101100?001??30?000100000001?010?10??0?00110?000?001????0110010?000220001010001113??0101001010100010011012??110000021??????????????????20?????0?????0?1?????0110121000?011110??2011112001??11100011000110??0110??10111110001010011002000???????????????????????????????????????? Mogharemys_blackenhorni 0????1?0?000????????10??11?0100?10????00????????????0111?10?00???????02?0110?01002000101?00111?2?01010?1??0?0011011100?001100??02100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0????????????????????? Brontochelys_gaffneyi 0?1?0100?0000???????10??11???00?10????0???????????0101022?0000??1????1??01210010???????????11132?01010????0?0?110?11012?01?00??1210??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Lemurchelys_diasphax 001?0100?0000???????10??11???00?10????0010111110200101022?0000??1????12?01211010?2???2?0110111?2?01010?1??0?0001001101200110010121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0????????????????????? Shweboemys_pilgrimi 001?01000000????????10???1?0?00?0?????001?111110200101022?000???1?????2?01211211???????????1????101?????????0?11?02101??0??????121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????21111101?0100?00?0?????0111?1??????????? Stereogenys_cromeri 001?010000000?10??0010??1120?00?0000000010011?10??0101022?0000??1????12?0121121102???200110111321010100???0?0011002101200110010122001?00?00003??2?1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????[1 2]1111101?0000?00??020?0011?????????????? Cordichelys_antiqua 0?1?0100100000101100100111201000000000001??11110??0?00022?0000001????1??01211?1002000101?1011132?0101001?1010011001101200110010121???????????????????????????????????????11202310000012?001?2011012001??02110110000110101110??10111110100010011001?001?????????????????0?????1??????00?00?000 Latentemys_plowdeni 001?010000000???????10??11???00?100000000?????????0100022?000???1????1??01210010?200010101111132101010????0?0?11001101200110010121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2?????0???????00??02000011101??????????? Bairdemys_thalassica 0??????0?00?011?110010011120100010110000????????????0002??100000?????10?0121?1100200020011111132?0101011110?0011001101200110110122?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????1???????0??????? Bairdemys_healeyorum ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2000???111?????????????????????????????????????????1000?00013?1???????????????????????0?012123100001211001?2111112001??021?00001011101?1110??1211111010011001???0?00??????????????????????????????????????0? Bairdemys_venezuelensis 001?0100000101101100?001?12010001011000000011010??0100022?1000001????10?012101100200020011111132??10100111010011001101200110110122??1000?0000311211????????????????????1?011?4?????00201001?2111112001???????0?????????01110??1?1111101001?0011001?001?????????????????0????????????00????0?? Bairdemys_hartsteini 001?010000010?1011001001?120100?101100?010011010??0100022?10000?1?????0?012100?00200020111111132??1010?1?101001100110120?110010121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????11111101?01????01?02000??1?????????????? Bairdemys_sanchezi 001?0100000101101210100111?0?00010110000000???10??0100022?0000001????1??012100?0020002011111113???101001?1010001001101200110110112??1000?00003?1211??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????0?????????????1??????? Bairdemys_winklerae 001?01000001?1101110?001???????010110??0100??110??0100022?100?001???????012100???2000?011111113???????0111?10?1?0011012??1?0110121???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????????????????????????? Piramys_auffenbergi 001?01?01000011??????00??????000????00?0101???????010?????????00?????????????????200020??1??1?????????????0??0??0??????10????10??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2??????????????????????????????????????? Amabilis_uchoensis 0?????????????1?????00??00???00?1?????0??????????????????????????????001?????0?0220001?1??011130101010????0?00020010002001000??02100??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????111101??1000?0?10?1001001?01??????????? Yuraramirim_montealtensis 0???01?001?002101100000?00???0001?????00?????????????????????????????011?0?0?000220000?1??0111300010101???0?0???00110?2001100??01100??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111111?100010010????1001?01?0????????? Tartaruscola_teodorii 011??1?0010011???1110001???1??0??0???0????10??1?1??1001221?100??0001??11??10?00?00??001101?1?12???1000110?11?112?21?00211?1001?02100???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????????????? Chupacabrachelys_complexus 111?01?00100?011?101?0?1???????????110????1???1???0010??1???0?10?????????????????11????001???1?????????10?01???????00???????????????1?001?0000??01112??1???10??0???1?2?0?101?2310000110100??2???11?011???????0????????101010??2?11??0????????1110?0?0???????????????????????????????0?0?02?00 Eocenochelus_eremberti ?01?01?00100?011??0??00???310000???????0??1???????0110???????000??????11?????0?????????100??1132??????????0???????????20???????02???100???????????21?????????????????????????1?1??00?????????????????????0???????????????1?2??1?1???1????0????1????00???????????????????????????????????????0 Paiutemys_tibert ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1111121000?1[1 2]1??0????2?112??1??00100?010011?0010110??101?00?0?0?0???1??????0???????????????????????????????????????0 Algorachelus_peregrinus 0????????1??1011??11?001?????000?1?????0?????????????0122??01011??????????2??????11?0??00101012???1000?10?1101??0?1???21111??100?1?????????????????????????????????????0?1111[1 2 3][2 3]1000?1211??????1??12011??1[0 2]?00?110011101?0010??10[0 1]?100??0???0?1000???0???????????????????????????????0???????0 Palemys_bowerbankii ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0110121000?021110???????????1??10000?11001110111012??101?1110?0?000????????????????????????????????????????0???????0 Puentemys_mushaisaensis ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1??????????????????110????11??0?111???1???2???????????????????????????????????????0210[1 2][2 3]100001111?0102?1?[0 1]12011??10101?10000110?11112??111?[0 1][0 1][0 1]0?1?010??0001100??????????????????0????????????0???????0 Elochelys_convenarum ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????010023100??1111?0??2?1?11?011??10100?11000??0011010??101?1111?0?000?1?0?1?00???????????????????????????????0??0??000 Elochelys_perfecta ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?012100??111??0???????????1??10100?0100111??11012??101?1111?0?000?1?????00???????????????????????????????1??0??000 Andrewsemys_libyca ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????110115113??022100??????1?2??1??10000001011110101012??121?1111010000?11002100???????????????????????????????0?000?000 Hydromedusa_casamayorensis ??????????????????32??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2020100?0?00011?010?00????00?0?0??????????????????11????????????111????0[1 2]10011000?111001????1?[1 2]110?0101000011?0?????01000???1?2?00?010?010?1?????00???????????????????????????????1???0?10? Platycheloides_nyasae ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10202[0 1 2 3]1130?021110102?2?011001??20110011000110100110??10110000100000?1?0?0?00???????????????????????????????0??00?000 Teneremys_lapparenti 2???0??001?0?????232?0????????????0????00??????????000?0????0???0??1?????????0???00????110?0001???10?0????01????????0?00?????0?00??????????1?0??????2??????1???????1?????12??1?1?2??02????1???2?1??0?1????10???10??????101????1?1?000??00????1??????????????????????????????????????0??0????? Mendozachelys_wichmanni ????????????????????????????????10????????????????????0???????????????????0??????2??????00???????????????????0????0???0??????0?020??0001??00101?????110?????0??0?0?1?2?001210231000?010101??2?111??1100110101?1010?110??1011??100?00?0100?00?1?010001??????????????????0??1?????????1??002100 Rionegrochelys_caldieroi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????111001100??1211001???1011101000?0101110001110100?11??100?1000?00010?1?01?0?1???????????????????????????????1??00?100 Lomalatachelys_neuquina ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?101?1000?1110?1???????12010?1??101?101?1110?10010??100?000??00????1??1?0?1???????????????????????????????1?0?0?100 Dortoka_vasconica ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????0?????1?????02010000000101101102?2?1110000010100?10010110100001??202?00?0100000?1?0?0100???????????????????????????????0?111100? Dortoka_botanica ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01??0000000102111102?1????0000?1?10??10111110000011??102?10?0000000?110?2100???????????????????????????????0?011?00? Birlimarr_gaffneyi 00??00?00110030??1000000?????000102??1?1??????????2?000000?10??0???????1?000?0??12??00010000001???20201000?100?100010?0??0???00020????0???00?0??????100??????????????2?0?01104??????111100????111????001100000110?1110100002??102110?0000100?1???2?00???????????????????1?????????001??00?10? Notoemys_zapatocaensis ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????012000001??021100011???1?21000000000?00010110100000??100000?1000000?1?012000???????????????????????????????0?000?011 Elusor_macrurus 000000000110030??100000000???000102??1?00000??0?11200000000?0??000000?110000?00?120?00010000101???2020100??100???0010?0??0???1?020??0000??0000??????1???????????????????001104?????0011100????11111??001100000110?0110100110??102100?0000101?1???2?00?????????????????????????????001??002100 Linderochelys_rinconensis ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1????????????001????1????23?????????????2?1110??????????????????????0010??1?01000??0???0?1??????1???????????????????????????????1?0?????0 Palaeophrynops_patagonicus ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?????????????????????2?0??10????2????????1?112??00???1?0?10???????000????2???????1?01???????0?0????????????????????????????????????0???? Salamanchelys_palaeocenica ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1?1??1010011????????1?1??0?001120001000??????00100??22110000100110110000000???????????????????????????????1?0?0?1?? Podocnemis_pritchardi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01102310000120110???????????1??00101?11101110110110??10011110000100011001001???????????????????????????????0?000?100 Podocnemis_negrii ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????121?01???0110??201??1200?????1????1101110??01????1??111?010010??1???1?0???????????????????????????????????0??1?0 Podocnemis_medemi ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01?0??100??01???????????????1??00101?101????????112??10111110010100011001000???????????????????????????????0?000???? Ilatardia_cetiotesta 001?11?00000???????1?01??????10??0?000?00?1???1???1100100?0?0???0111??1?0?10?0??01??02100??101????2011????????11?21?002111??01?022?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????110??????????????????? ; cnames {0 Skull_flattened high_skull_(as_in_Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) flat_skull_(as_in_Pelusios_castanoides) extremely_flattened_skull_(as_in_Hydromedusa_maximiliani); {1 Dorsal_margin_of_apertura_narium_externa straight,_broadly_convex_margin_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) narrow_midline_process,_at_least_partially_dividing_external_nares_(Bothremys_cooki); {2 NA,_nasals present_(Emydura_macquarii) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {3 NA,_meet_on_midline_in_dorsal_view nasals_meet_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) nasals_do_not_meet,_completely_separated_by_frontal_process_(Chelodina_colliei); {4 PF,_preorbital_skull_broad_ narrow,_equal_or_less_than_90º,_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa very_broad,_more_than_90º,_as_in_Bothremys_cooki; {5 PF,_meet_on_midline_in_dorsal_view no_(Proganochelys_quenstendti) yes_(Pelusios_castanoides); {6 PF,_pf-pal_contact no_contact_(Galianemys_emringeri) contact_present_in_anterior_wall_of_fossa_orbitalis_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {7 PF,_pf-pa_contact no_contact_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {8 FR,_interorbital_groove_ no_groove,_smooth_surface_as_in_Peltocephalus_dumerilianus surface_with_a_groove_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa; {9 FR,_orbital_position facing_laterally,_anterolaterally_(as_in_Bairdemys_venezuelensis) facing_dorsolaterally_(as_in_Elseya_dentata) facing_dorsally_(as_in_Chelodina_colliei); {10 FR,_cranial_process_of_frontal no_process,_smooth_cranial_edge_(Podocnemis_expansa) projecting_cranial_process_(Elseya_dentata); {11 FR,_prefrontal/frontal flat_or_slight_convex_(Podocnemis_expansa) strongly_convex_dorsally_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {12 FR,_foramen_interorbitale high_(Galianemys_emringeri) low_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {13 Anteroventral_emargination,_extension_in_lateral_view absent_or_slight_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) reaches_ventral_margin_level_of_orbit_(Hamadachelys_escuilliei) reaches_dorsal_margin_level_of_cavum_tympani_(Lapparentemys_villavilensis) reaches_above_level_of_orbit_or_parietal_(Elseya_dentata); {14 QJ,_quadratojugal absent_(Elseya_dentata) present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {15 QJ-PA_contact contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa) no_contact_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {16 QJ-PA_contact_extension short_contact_(as_in_Bauruemys_elegans) long_contact_(as_in_Podocnemis_expansa); {17 Posterodorsal_emargination,_extension_in_dorsal_view no_emargination,_edge_of_the_emargination_caudal_or_on_the_same_plane_of_condylus_occipitalis_(Dacquemys_palaeomorpha) edge_of_the_emargination_rostral_to_the_condylus_occipitalis_plane_(Podocnemis_expansa) edge_rostral_to_condylus_occipitalis_plane_and_rostral_wall_of_the_otic_chamber_visible_in_dorsal_view_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {18 PA,_dorsal_portion_in_relation_to_adductor_fossa broadly_covers_adductor_fossa_(Podocnemis_expansa) covers_central_area_of_adductor_fossa_(Elseya_dentata) covers_little_of_adductor_fossa_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) parietal_does_not_cover_adductor_fossa_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {19 PA,_Lateral_edges_of_parietals parallel_or_subparallel_(Podocnemis_expansa) pentagon-shaped_parietal,_lateral_edges_diverging_(Bothremys_magrebiana) tapering_posteriorly_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) reduced_in_their_medial_portion_('wasp-waisted')_(Acantochelys_radiolata); {20 PA,_sulcus_palatinopterygoideus high_(Galianemys_emringeri) low_due_to_thicker_pa,_po_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {21 PA,_enters_orbital_margin no_(Galianemys_emringeri) yes_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {22 PA,_PA-JU_contact no_contact_(Elseya_dentata) contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {23 PA,_PA-SQ_contact present_(Proganochelys_quenstendti) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {24 PA,_parietal_contacts_pterygoid_at_base_of_processus_trochlearis_pterygoidei no_contact_(Pelusios_castanoides) present,_ventral_parietal_process_on_lateral_side_of_sulcus_palatinopterygoideus_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {25 PA,_PA-PT_contact_in_septum_orbitotemporale absent_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) present_and_wider_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis) present_and_narrower_(Podocnemis_expansa); {26 PA,_interparietal_scale equilateral_triangle_(Bauruemys_elegans) elongate_triangle_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis) parallel_sided_(Bairdemys_thalassica) slightly_elongated_heart-like_shaped_(Neochelys_franzeni; {27 PA,_Interparietal_scale,_anterior_margin anterior_to_the_frontal_parietal_suture_(Podocnemis_expansa) posterior_to_the_frontal_parietal_suture_(Dacquemys_palaeomorpha); {28 PA,_parietal_scales_meeting_medially yes_(Podocnemis_expansa) no_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {29 JU,_narrow_dorsoventrally broader_(Bothremys_cooki) narrower_(Taphrosphys_ippolitoi); {30 JU,_jugal_retracted_from_orbital_margin enters_orbit_(Pelusios_castanoides) retracted_from_orbit_(Cearachelys_placidoi); {31 JU-QU_contact no_contact_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) contact_present_(Azzabbaremys_moragjonesi); {32 JU-PT_contact no_contact_(Cordichelys_antiqua) contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {33 JU,_exposure_in_triturating_surface no_exposure_(Pelusios_castanoides) exposed_on_triturating_surface_(Bothremys_cooki); {34 SQ,_caudal_projection lacks_projection_(Pelusios_castanoides) forms_distinct_process,_projecting_posteriorly_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) forms_distinct_process,_projecting_posterodorsally_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {35 SQ,_caudoventral_vertical_flange absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Labrostochelys_galkini); {36 SQ,_lateral_tubercle absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Labrostochelys_galkini); {37 SQ,_lateral_surface,_origin_site_of_the_depressor_mandibulae_muscles_ convex_to_slightly_flat_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa strongly_concave_as_in_Elseya_dentata; {38 PO,_septum_orbitotemporale postorbital_wall_closed_(Galianemys_emringeri) postorbital_wall_at_least_partially_open_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {39 PO,_size larger_or_equal_to_orbit_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) smaller_than_orbit_(Podocnemis_expansa); {40 PM,_pinched_snout no_pinched_snout,_convex_or_straight_rostral_outline_(Podocneims_expansa) pinched_snout,_concave_outline_near_premaxilla-maxilla_contact_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {41 PM,_dorsal_sulcus smooth_surface_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) sulcus_on_dorsal_surface,_parallel_to_anterior_margin_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {42 PM,_protrudes_cranially_in_lateral_view_beyond_apertura_narium_externa_dorsal_ridge does_not_protrude_or_protrudes_slightly_(Galianemys_emringeri) protrudes_in_lateral_view_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {43 PM,_midline_depression_in_ventral_view no_depression,_shallow_or_indistinct_(Euraxemys_essweini) depression_present_(Bothremys_cooki); {44 PM,_shape_of_the_midline_depression_in_ventral_view narrow_depression_(Rosasia_soutoi) wide_depression_(Bothremys_cooki); {45 PM,_cranial_pit_on_ventral_surface no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {46 PM,_premaxillae_reach_apertura_narium_interna no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {47 PM,_One_or_two_accessory_ridges_on_the_ventral_surface_of_the_premaxilla no_accessory_ridges_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) accessory_ridges_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {48 PM,_foramen_prepalatinum absent_(Pseudemydura_umbrina) present_in_premaxilla-maxilar_suture_(Elseya_dentata) present_in_premaxilla_only,_or_in_premaxilla-vomer_contact_(Araripemys_barretoi); {49 PM,_foramen_prepalatinum_relative_to_triturating_ridge on_flat_surface_(Emydura_macquarii) under_triturating_surface_(Elseya_dentata); {50 MX,_dorsal_process_onto_skull_roof not_developed,_mx_not_constricting_PF_nor_forming_part_of_the_rostrodorsal_margin_of_orbit_(Galianemys_emringeri) developed_rostrodorsally_constricting_PF_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) developed_rostrodorsally,_forming_part_of_the_dorsal_margin_of_orbit_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {51 MX,_orbital-narial_bar_width very_narrow,_less_than_half_the_diameter_of_orbit_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) roughly_equal_or_slightly_less_than_diameter_of_orbit_(Cearachelys_placidoi) larger_than_diameter_of_orbit_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {52 MX,_below_orbit small,_equal_or_less_than_orbital_diameter_(Galianemys_emringeri) well_developed,_greater_than_orbital_diameter_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {53 MX,_labial_ridge_in_ventral_view high_(Elseya_dentata) low_(Phrynops_geoffroanus); {54 MX,_posterior_lingual_ridge_near_the_maxilla-palatine_contact_ undistinguishable_or_very_shallow_ridge_(Euraxemys_essweini) well_defined_ridge_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {55 MX,_triturating_surfaces narrow_as_in_Euraxemys_essweini wide_as_in_Cearachelys_placidoi very_wide_as_in_Bothremys_cooki; {56 MX,_triturating_surfaces_shape lingual_and_labial_ridges_parallel_sided_(Podocnemis_expansa) triangular,_wide_caudally_(Lapparentemys_vilavilensis) triangular,_very_wide_caudally_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {57 MX,_medial_expansion_of_triturating_surface absent_(Bauruemys_elegans) present,_forming_median_maxillary_ridge_(Podocnemis_expansa); {58 MX,_triturating_surface_convexity absent_or_shallow_(Podocnemis_expansa) deep_(Bairdemys_hartsteini); {59 MX,_accessory_ridge absent_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) present_(Elseya_dentata); {60 MX,_pits absent_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis) present_(Bothremys_cooki); {61 MX,_exposure_in_orbital_floor broadly_exposed_(Galianemys_emringeri) narrowly_or_not_exposed_(Azzabbaremys_moragjonesi); {62 MX,_MX-QJ_contact no_contact_(Euraxemys_essweini) contact_present_(Galianemys_emringeri); {63 MX,_MX-QU_contact no_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa) contact_present_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus); {64 VO,_vomer present_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) absent_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {65 VO,_VO-PM_contact absent_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) present_(Bauruemys_elegans); {66 VO,_VO-MX_contact present_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) absent_(Azabbaremys_moragjonesi); {67 VO,_VO-PT_contact vomer_contacts_pterygoid_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) vomer_does_not_contact_pterygoid_(Elseya_dentata); {68 VO,_central_bar sutured_at_both_ends_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa sutured_only_rostrally_as_in_Azzabaremys_moragjonesi; {69 PAL,_fossa_orbitalis_posterior_pocket absent_(Podocnemis_expansa) present_in_septum_orbitotemporale_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {70 PAL,_foramen_palatinum_posterius present,_only_in_palatine_(Podocnemis_expansa) present,_both_in_palatine_and_pterygoid_(Galianemys_emringeri) extremely_reduced_to_absent_(Dacquemys_palaeomorpha); {71 PAL,_foramen_palatinum_posterius in_floor_of_orbit_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) behind_orbit,_in_floor_of_sulcus_palatinopterygoideus_(Pelusios_castanoides); {72 PAL,_apertura_narium_interna_ small_to_moderate,_caudal_edge_formed_only_by_palatines_(Podocnemis_expansa) large_due_to_reduction_of_palatines,_caudal_edge_formed_by_palatines_and_pterygoids_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {73 PAL,_dorsally_arched_palate absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {74 PAL,_palatine_extent_in_triturating_surface narrow_or_absent_(Elseya_dentata) moderate,_but_much_less_than_extent_of_maxilla_(Podocnemis_expansa) large,_equal_to_or_slightly_less_than_extent_of_maxilla_(Bothremys_cooki); {75 PAL,_secondary_palate absent_(Podocnemis_expansa) present_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {76 PAL,_secondary_palate,_medial_edges_of_palatal_cleft curved_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis) parallel_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {77 PAL,_caudal_development poorly_developed_as_in_Podocnemis_expansa developed,_reducing_the_contact_between_pterygoids_as_in_Baidemys_venezuelensis well-developed,_reaching_the_basisphenoid_as_in_Stereogenys_cromeri; {78 PAL,_dorsal_process_reaches_frontal does_not_reach_frontal_(Podocnemis_expansa) reaches_frontal_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {79 PAL,_dorsal_process_contacts_parietal_in_septum_orbitotemporale does_not_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa) contacts_parietal_in_septum_orbitotemporale_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {80 QU,_fossa_precolumellaris very_small_to_absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) present_but_shallow_(Euraxemys_essweini) deep_and_well_defined_(Pelusios_castanoides); {81 QU,_incisura_columellae_auris no_posterior_bony_restriction_(Euraxemys_essweini) eustachian_tube_separated_from_stapes_by_bone_or_narrow_fissure_(Foxemys_mechinorum) eustachian_tube_and_stapes_enclosed_by_bone_in_the_same_opening_(Podocnemis_expansa); {82 QU,_stapes_contained_in_bony_canal no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {83 QU,_ventral_process_of_the_sulcus_eustachii no_ventral_process_(Bothremys_cooki) ventral_process_present_(Labrostochelys_galkini); {84 QU,_trough_on_closed_incisura_columellae_auris_ridge absent_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) present_(Galianemys_emringeri); {85 QU,_entrance_of_the_antrum_postoticum large_to_moderate_(Pelusios_castanoides) small_(Podocnemis_expansa) very_small_and_slitlike_(Bairdemys_thalassica) antrum_postoticum_absent_(Nigeremys_gigantea); {86 QU,_shelf_below_cavum_tympani absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) lower_portion_of_cavum_tympani_unusually_deep_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {87 QU,_condylus_mandibularis_position caudal_to_or_on_BO-BS_suture_(Galianemys_emringeri) rostral_to_BO-BS_suture_(Pelusios_castanoides) caudal_to_condylus_occipitalis_(Nigeremys_gigantea); {88 QU,_condylus_mandibularis_shape much_wider_than_long,_with_anterior_and_posterior_edges_straight_to_concave_making_it_shorter_at_midline_(Bothremys_cooki) slightly_wider_than_long_in_a_'kidney_bean'_shape,_with_anterior_edge_straight_to_concave_and_posterior_edge_convex_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {89 QU,_ventral_outline_in_lateral_view smooth,_condylus_mandibularis_very_close_to_the_cavum_tympani_region_(Araripemys_barretoi) ventral_projection,_condylus_mandibularis_separated_from_the_cavum_tympani_region_(Bothremys_cooki); {90 QU,_eustachian_tube_separated_from_fenestra_postotica no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Bairdemys_hartsteini); {91 QU,_QU-BO_contact no_contact_(Elseya_dentata) contact_present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {92 PT,_processus_trochlearis_pterygoidei oblique_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) right_angle_(Podocnemis_expansa); {93 PT,_fossa_pterygoidea/cavum_pterygoideum absent_as_in_Euraxemys_essweini well_defined_as_in_Cearachelys_placidoi; {94 PT,_pterygoid_flange absent_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) very_short_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) moderate,_does_not_reach_the_quadrate_ramus_of_pterygoid_(Brasilemys_josai) well_developed,_passing_the_quadrate_ramus_of_the_pterygoid_and_covering_the_fossa_pterygoidea,_forming_the_cavum_pterygoideum_(Podocnemis_expansa); {95 PT,_anterior_opening_of_cavum_pterygoidei small_opening_(Bauruemys_elegans) moderate_opening_(Podocnemis_expansa) large_opening_with_foramen_cavernosum_in_roof_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {96 PT,_foramen_caroticum_palatinum present_(Emydura_macquarii) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {97 PT,_trigeminal_ridge_(PT_+_QU) absent_(Galianemys_emringeri) ridge_extending_posteroventrally_from_foramen_nervi_trigemini_to_condylus_mandibularis_(Phosphatochelys_tedfordi); {98 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_position_in_relation_to_BS restricted_to_BS_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis) on_BS_edge_with_another_bone_(Cearachelys_placidoi) outside_BS_(Pelusios_castanoides); {99 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_position_in_relation_to_fenestra_postotica_cranial_edge rostral_to_fenestra_postotica_rostral_edge_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_ on_fenestra_postotica_rostral_edge_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {100 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_position_in_relation_to_PT_ignoring_the_BS_relation restricted_to_PT_(Cearachelys_placidoi)_ on_PT_edge_with_another_bone_(QU_or_PR)_(Bothremys_cooki) outside_PT_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {101 Foramen_posterius_canalis_carotici_interni_on_quadrate outside_quadrate_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_ on_quadrate_(Bothremys_maghrebiana); {102 SO,_roof_exposure SO_not_exposed_on_roof_(Pelusios_castanoides) little_exposure_of_SO_on_roof_(Elseya_dentata) large_exposure_of_SO_on_roof_(Pseudemydura_umbrina); {103 SO,_crista_supraoccipitalis not_elongated_caudal_to_the_foramen_magnum_(Pelusios_castanoides) elongated_caudal_to_the_foramen_magnum_(Podocnemis_expansa); {104 SO,_bulbous_ending_of_crista_occipitalis flat_ending_(Podocnemis_expansa) bulbous_ending_(Bairdemys_thalassica); {105 SO,_horizontal_plate_along_ventral_edge_of_crista_supraoccipitalis flat_or_very_slim_horizontal_plate_on_ventral_edge_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) horizontal_plate_along_ventral_edge_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_; {106 SO,_supraoccipital_lateral_margin_on_otic_chamber contacts_PR_and_OP_but_not_QU_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ contacts_QU_(Bothremys_cooki); {107 SO,_supraoccipital_lateral_margin_on_roof contacts_SQ_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) does_not_contact_SQ_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {108 EX,_ventral_process absent_to_very_short_(Pelusios_castanoides) present,_EX-BS_contact_avoiding_BS-QU_contact_in_ventral_view_of_the_skull_(Euraxemys_essweini); {109 EX,_condylus_occipitalis basioccipital_plus_both_exoccipitals_(Euraxemys_essweini) exoccipitals_only_(Pelusios_castanoides); {110 EX,_foramina_nervi_hypoglossi separated_(Podocnemis_expansa) combined_and_recessed_(Bairdemys_thalassica); {111 EX,_foramen_jugulare_posterius not_formed_in_bone_(Notoemys_laticentralis) closed_completely_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) partially_openned_(Galianemys_emringeri); {112 EX,_dorsal_processes_of_exoccipitals_ do_not_meet_medially_(Elseya_dentata) meeting_dorsal_to_the_foramen_magnum_(Acantochelys_radiolata); {113 EX-QU_contact no_contact_(Elseya_dentata) narrow_contact_(Euraxemys_essweini) extensive_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa); {114 BO,_length long,_length/width_=>_0.60_(Pelusios_castanoides) short,_0.60_>_length/width_=<_0.25_(Bothremys_cooki) very_short,_length/width_<_0.25_(Shweboemys_pilgrimi); {115 BO,_basioccipital_tubera_width_in_occipital_view closer_to_median_(Bauruemys_elegans) farther_from_median_(Podocnemis_expansa); {116 BO,_horizontal_occipital_shelf absent_(Elseya_dentata) present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {117 BO,_basioccipital_lateral_edges does_not_contact_opisthotic_(Galianemys_emringeri) contacts_opisthotic_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {118 PR,_ventral_exposure,_out_of_cavum_pterygoideum most_of_PR_exposed_ventrally_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) about_half_covered_by_QU_+_BS_(Euraxemys_essweini) nearly_all_covered_by_QU,_BS,_PT_(Podocnemis_expansa); {119 PR,_foramen_stapediotemporale opens_dorsally_(Pelusios_castanoides) opens_cranially_(Galianemys_emringeri); {120 PR,_foramen_stapediotemporale/foramen_nervi_trigemini separated_by_most_of_prootic_(Pelusios_castanoides) separated_by_narrow_bar_of_prootic_(Bothremys_cooki); {121 OP,_processus_interfenestralis_covered_ventrally visible_ventrally_(Emydura_macquarii) coverd_by_bone_(Podocnemis_expansa); {122 OP,_fenestra_postotica_closed_medially open_(Euraxemys_essweini) closed_by_OP-QU_contact_(Podocnemis_expansa); {123 OP,_fenestra_postotica_shape more_open_(Euraxemys_essweini) small,_horizontal_slit_(Galianemys_emringeri); {124 OP,_opisthotic_and_exoccipital_project_ventrally_forming_a_flange_over_the_foramen_jugulare_posterius_ no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Bairdemys_sanchezi); {125 OP,_processus_paraoccipitalis_in_ventral_view projects_caudally_beyond_SQ_(Euraxemys_essweini) smaller,_rostral_to_SQ_(Galianemys_emringeri); {126 OP,_caudal_surface smooth_edge_(Galianemys_emringeri) thin_lateral_and_horizontal_flange_present_on_posterior_edge_(Chedighaii_hutchisoni) thin_horizontal_flange_extending_medially_from_the_fenestra_to_the_lateral_contact_with_sq_(Chelodina_coillei); {127 BS,_ventral_outline pentagonal_(Cearachelys_placidoi) triangular_(Euraxemys_essweini) v-shaped_(Nigeremys_gigantea); {128 BS,_rostral_margin_of_basisphenoid very_long_rostral_process_in_ventral_view_at_least_partially_dividing_the_pterygoids_(Chelodina_coillei) short_rostral_process_in_ventral_view_(Sokatra_antitra) no_rostral_process_in_ventral_view_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {129 BS,_BS-QU_contact absent_(Euraxemys_essweini) present,_wider_(Galianemys_emringeri) present,_very_narrow_(Bothremys_cooki); {130 BS,_processus_clinoideus present,_with_abducens_canal_(Pelusios_castanoides) absent,_nervi_abducens_canal_is_a_groove_(Bothremys_cooki); {131 BS,_sella_turcica/dorsum_sella deep,_well-defined_margins_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus) very_shallow,_low_margins_(Bothremys_cooki); {132 SP,_splenial present_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) absent_(Pelusios_castanoides); {133 DEN,_widely_exposed_on_lateral_surface yes,_in_posterior_part_of_jaw_(Euraxemys_essweini) no,_covered_by_surangular_(Bothremys_cooki); {134 DEN,_internal_angle_between_rami acute,_between_40°_and_90°_(Podocnemis_unifilis) obtuse,_over_90°_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {135 DEN,_high_lingual_ridge no_(Pelusios_castanoides) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {136 DEN,_U-shaped_lingual_ridges form_U-shape,_also_wedge_(Bothremys_cooki) form_V-shape_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {137 DEN,_accessory_ridges absent_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) present_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {138 DEN,_pits no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {139 DEN,_sutured_symphysis symphysis_fused_(Bothremys_cooki) symphysis_sutured_(Euraxemys_essweini); {140 DEN,_symphyseal_hook no_hook_on_rostral_edge_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) hooked_rostral_edge_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus); {141 DEN,_triturating_surfaces narrow_as_in_Euraxemys_essweini wider_as_in_Podocnemis_unifilis_ wide_posteriorly_as_in_Cearachelys_placidoi__ wide_anteriorly_as_in_Bairdemys_venezuelensis__; {142 SUR,_foramen_nervi_auriculotemporalis absent_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) present_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {143 COR,_wide_lateral_exposure no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Bothremys_cooki); {144 COR,_participates_on_triturating_surface no_or_slightly_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) yes,_lingual-caudal_portion_formed_by_coronoid_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes,_caudal_portion_formed_by_coronoid_(Stereogenys_cromeri); {145 PRA,_fossa_meckelii_open_cranially closed_by_long_ang-pra_contact_and/or_splenial_(Euraxemys_essweini) more_open,_short_pra-ang_contact_(Bothremys_cooki); {146 ART,_processus_retroarticularis short,_absent_(Pelusios_castanoides) long,_posterior_(Bothremys_cooki) long,_posteroventral_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {147 ART,_foramen_chorda_tympani_enclosed_in_processus_retroarticularis no_(Podocnemis_expansa) yes_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {148 VT,_cervical_articulations amphicoelous,_platycoelous_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) (2(_(3(_(4(_(5)_)6)_)7(_(8)_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) (2)_)3)_)4)_)5)_)6)_)7)_)8)_(Podocnemis_expansa); {149 VT,_Cervical_vertebrae_length smaller_than_trunk_vertebrae_(Podocnemis_expansa) longer_than_trunk_vertebrae_(Chelodina_coillei); {150 VT,_Elements_of_atlantal_neural_arch dorsally_suturally_attached_(Emydura_macquarii) dorsally_fused_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {151 VT,_Atlantal_intercentrum suturally_attached_to_atlantal_centrum_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) fused_to_atlantal_centrum_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {152 VT,_Outline_of_atlantal_neural_arch_in_dorsal_view convex_or_subparallel_lateral_edges_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_ lateral_edges_tapering_anteriorly_(Phrynops_hilarii) lateral_edges_'wasp-waisted'_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {153 VT,_Orientation_of_atlantal_postzygapophyses ventromedial_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ dorsolateral_(Laganemys_tenerensis)_ ventral_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {154 VT,_cranial_process_of_neural_arch_in_axis present_(Phyrnops_geoffroanus) absent_(Hydromedusa_tectifera); {155 VT,_cervical_centrum wider_than_high_(Platychelys_oberndorferi) usually_higher_than_wide_or_rounder_(Podocnemis_expansa); {156 VT,_cervical_centra_saddle_shaped no_heterocoelic_vertebrae_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) completely_heterocoelic_(Podocnemis_unifilis) wide_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {157 VT,_Proportion_of_condyle_of_cervical_vertebra_8 higher_than_wide_(Chelodina_coillei)_ wider_than_high_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {158 VT,_Outline_of_condyle_of_cervical_vertebra_8 trapezoidal_or_sub-oval_with_shorter_ventral_side_(Chelus_fimbriatus) subrectangular_or_suboval_(Chelodina_coillei)_ trapezoidal_or_sub-oval_with_shorter_dorsal_side_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) kidney-like_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {159 VT,_Ventral_keel_in_cervical_vertebrae_8 ventrally_developed_(Elseya_dentata) slightly_or_not_developed_(Pelomedusa_subrufa); {160 VT,_Shape_of_ventral_keel_on_cervical_8 smooth_straight_or_convex_ventral_edge_(Elseya_dentata) concave_ventral_edge_(Podocnemis_sextuberculata); {161 VT,_Orientation_of_dorsal_process_of_neural_arch_in_cervical_vertebrae_ more_than_30_degrees_with_respect_to_vertebral_body_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ less_than_30_degrees_with_respect_to_vertebral_body_(Araripemys_barretoi); {162 VT,_cervical_postzygapophyses separate_(Proganochelys_quenstedti)_ some_fused_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {163 VT,_cervical_postzygapophyses separated_from_each_other_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) postzygapophyses_elevated_on_neural_spine_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {164 VT,_Orientation_of_postzygapophyses_of_cervical_vertebra_8 ventrolateral_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) ventral,_horizontal_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) lateral,_vertical_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {165 Coracoid_shape entirely_wide_and_plate-like_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) narrow,_almost_straight_longitudinally_and_slightly_wider_distally_(Podocnemis_unifilis) slightly_curved_longitudinally_and_much_wider_distally_(Pelusios_castanoides); {166 Coracoid_dorsolongitudinal_ridge absent_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) present_(Podocnemis_expansa); {167 Scapula,_angle_between_acromion_and_scapular_processess_ >_70°_(Podocnemis_expansa) =<_70°_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {168 Claws_in_forefoot five_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ four_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {169 CAR,_nuchal_embayment no_(Emydura_macquarii) yes_(Chedighaii_barberi); {170 CAR,_nuchal_bone_width greater_than_length,_2_times_or_more_(Notoemys_laticentralis)_ greater,_but_less_than_2_times,_or_equal_to_length_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) lesser_than_length_(Araripemys_barretoi); {171 CAR,_nuchal_proportions cranial_width/greatest_width_<_0.40_(Turkanemys_pattersoni) 0.70_<_cranial_width/greatest_width_>=_0.40_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) cranial_width/greatest_width_>_0.70_(Cordichelys_antiqua); {172 CAR,_first_pleural_scute_reaches_nuchal_ no_(Cearachelys_placidoi) yes_(Chedighaii_barberii); {173 CAR,_neural_number 8_or_more_(Araripemys_barretoi) 7_neurals_(Foxemys_mechinorum) 6_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis) 5_or_less_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) no_neurals_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {174 CAR,_neural_series_completeness to_suprapygal_(Euraxemys_essweini) to_costals_8_(Podocnemis_unifilis) to_costals_7_(Foxemys_mechinorum) to_costals_6_(Chedighaii_barberi) to_costal_5_&_4_(Phyrnops_geoffroanus) neurals_discontinuous_(Platemys_platycephala); {175 CAR,_neural_series_pattern irregular_(Platychelys_oberndorferi) regular,_most_hexagonal,_coffin-shaped_(Podocnemis_unifilis) neurals_discontinuous_(Araiochelys_hirayamen); {176 CAR,_First_neural_sutured_with_nuchal yes_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) no_(Chelodina_coillei)_; {177 CAR,_position_of_four_sided_neural neural_one_(Euraxemys_essweini) neural_two_(Cearachelys_placidoi) neural_three_(Araripemys_barretoi) four-sided_neural_absent_(Platemys_platycephala); {178 CAR,_keeled_neurals none_(Kenyemys_williamsi) at_least_some_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {179 CAR,_keels_or_knobs_on_costals no_keel_or_knob_on_costals_(Podocnemis_expansa) costals_with_keels_or_knobs_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {180 CAR,_costal_one_length costal_1_shorter_or_equal_to_2_times_length_of_costal_2_(Euraxemys_essweini) costal_1_two_times_longer_than_2nd_costal_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {181 CAR,_peripheral_1/costal_1_contact_length no_contact_(Hydromedusa_maximiliani) narrow_contact,_cranial_margin_2x_contact_(Foxemys_mechinorum) wide_contact,_anterior_margin_less_than_2x_contact_(Rosasia_soutoi); {182 CAR,_peripheral_6_lateral_edge medially_inclined_towards_cranial_edge_(Araripemys_barretoi)_ almost_parallel_to_cranio-caudal_axis_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ medially_inclined_towards_caudal_edge_(Cordichelys_antiqua)_; {183 CAR,_Suprapygal_sutured_with_peripheral_10 yes_(Chelodina_collei)_ no_(Pelusios_castanoides)_; {184 CAR,_suprapygal-peripheral_11_contact large_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) small_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {185 CAR,_Proportions_of_peripheral_bones peripheral_bones_cranial_to_bridge_shorter_or_equal_size_than_caudal_ones_ones_(Emydura_macquarii)_ peripheral_bones_cranial_to_bridge_longer_than_caudal_ones_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {186 CAR,_thoracic_rib_1_versus_2 thoracic_rib_1_large_and_separate_from_thoracic_rib_2_(Notoemys_laticentralis) thoracic_rib_1_reduced,_almost_same_size_of_the_medial_portion_of_thoracic_rib_2,_both_separated_by_an_oval_elongated_space_(Podocnemis_expansa) thoracic_rib_1_shorter_than_the_medial_exposed_portion_of_thoracic_rib_2,_very_small_oval_space_between_them_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {187 CAR,_articulation_facet_on_thoracic_rib_1 absent_(Podocnemis_expansa) present,_facet_or_tubercle_on_cranial_margin_of_thoracic_rib_1_(Notoemys_laticentralis); {188 CAR,_costovertebral_tunnel large_anteriorly_and_posteriorly_only_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) large_entire_length_(Platychelys_oberndorferi) small_(Chedighaii_barberi); {189 CAR,_intumescence_from_axillary_buttress_to_the_rib_area_on_costal_1 no_(Podocnemis_unifilis)__ yes_(Bairdemys_venezuelensis); {190 CAR,_axillary_buttress_scar_on_costals contact_only_peripherals,_no_contact_with_costal_1_(Hydromedusa_maximiliani) contact_present_but_separated_from_costal_2_suture_(Chedighaii_barberi) contact_present_and_close_to_costal_2_(Chelus_colombianus); {191 CAR,_axillary_buttres_contact_with_costal_1 runs_parallel_to_rib-gomphosis_of_costal_1_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) runs_in_a_divergent_angle_between_15_and_50_degrees_to_rib-gomphosis_(Elseya_dentata); {192 CAR,_axillary_buttress_extent_on_ventral_surface_of_peripherals reaches_peripheral_2_(Emydura_macquarii)_ reaches_peripheral_3_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ reaches_peripheral_4_(Phrynops_hilarii)_ reaches_peripheral_5_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {193 CAR,_inguinal_buttress_on_costals short_or_absent_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) contacts_costal_5,_extending_medially_onto_it_(Chedighaii_barberi) restricted_to_costal_4_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {194 CAR,_Inguinal_buttress_on_peripheral 6_(Chelodina_coillei)_ 7_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ 8_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {195 CAR,_iliac_scar_reaches_costal_7 yes_(Pelusios_castanoides) no_(Elseya_dentata); {196 CAR,_iliac_scar_reaches_suprapygal no_(Pelusios_castanoides) yes_(Elseya_dentata); {197 CAR,_Cervical_scute present_(Emydura) absent_(Podocnemis); {198 CAR,_Cervical_scute_position between_marginal_scutes_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ behind_marginal_scutes_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {199 CAR,_Cervical_Scute_Shape width_greater_than_or_equal_to_length_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ width_smaller_than_length_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {200 CAR,_first_marginal_scute_shape trapezoidal_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_ rectangular_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis)_ triangular_(Araripemys_barretoi)_; {201 CAR,_marginal_scale_1_proportion_overlapping_the_cranial_margin/portion_of_peripheral_bone between_30_to_60%_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ less_than_30%_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis)_ more_than_60%_(Cordichelys_antiqua)_; {202 CAR,_vertebral_scale_width equal_to_or_wider_than_pleural_scales_((Pseudemydura_umbrina)__) narrower_than_pleural_scales_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {203 CAR,_vertebral_scale_1_reaches_cranial_margin_of_carapace no,_first_marginals_and_or_cervical_scales_(Podocnemis_unifilis) yes_(Araripemys_barretoi); {204 CAR,_relative_width_of_vertebral_scute_1 first_three_vertebral_scute_equal_or_sub-equal_in_width_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ first_vertebral_scute_wider_than_second_and_third_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {205 Generalised_shell_shape high_domed_(Elseya_dentata)_ dorso-ventrally_flattened_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {206 CAR,_vertebral_scale_1_shape_of_the_craniolateral_margins lateral_margins_parallel_or_subparallel_to_midline_axis_of_carapace_(Elseya_dentata)_ lateral_margins_cranially_divergent_or_'houglass"_shaped_(Phrynops_geoffroanus); {207 CAR,_second_vertebral_scute_shape quadrangular_(Chelodina_collei) hexagonal_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) trapezoidal_(Araripemys_barretoi)_; {208 CAR,_vertebral_scute_2_to_4_longer_than_wide no_(Chelus_fimbriatus) yes_(Chelodina_collei); {209 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_last_neural no_(Pelusios_castanoides)_ yes_(Araripemys_barretoi)_; {210 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_peripheral_10 'no (Phrynops geoffroanus) ' yes_(Elseya_dentata)_; {211 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_peripheral_11 no_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ yes_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_; {212 CAR,_Vertebral_scute_5_reaches_Pygal no_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_ yes_(Elseya_dentata)_; {213 CAR,_pleural_scute_4_touches_suprapygal no_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) yes_(Platemys_platycephala)_; {214 Position_of_the_posterior_edge_of_the_plastron_related_to_carapace_in_ventral_view above_C8_or_more_cranial,_peripherals_entirely_visible_(Araripemys_barretoi) above_peripherals_11_(Podocnemis_uniflis); {215 PLA,_cranial_lobe_reaches_carapace_edge yes_(Cearachelys_placidoi) no_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {216 PLA,_cranial_lobe_length long_to_medium,_width_over_length_<_=_2.0_(Podocnemis_unifilis) short,_width_over_length_>_2.1_(Chedighaii_barberi); {217 PLA,_cranial_lobe wide,_squared_cranially,_lateral_margins_parallel_or_sub-parallel_(Platychelys_platycephala) narrow,_tapered_cranially,_lateral_margins_converging_cranially_(Emydura_macquarii); {218 PLA,_Plastral_lobes cranial_lobe_as_long_as_or_longer_than_caudal_one_(Hydromedusa_tectifera) cranial_lobe_shorter_than_caudal_one_(Pelomedusa_subrufa)_; {219 PLA,_posterior_lobe_lateral_outline almost_straight_lined_(Euraxemys_essweini) concave_(Phrynops_geoffroanus)_ convex_(Hydromedusa_tectifera)_; {220 Foramina_on_suture_of_hypoplastron_and peripheral_7_(Chelus_fimbriatus)_ peripheral_8_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {221 Foramina_on_suture_of_hyoplastron_and peripheral_3_(Podocnemis_unifilis) peripheral_4_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {222 PLA,_entoplastron_shape arrow-shaped_with_caudolateral_processes_(Araripemys_barretoi) more_trapezoidal_(Podocnemis_unifilis) longer_than_wider_(Platemys_platycephala); {223 CAR,_vertebral_scale_1_overlap_onto_cranial_peripherals_and_nuchal overlapping_nuchal_and_peripherals_1_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis) overlapping_nuchal,_peripherals_1_and_2_(Acantochelys_radiolata)_ overlaping_only_nuchals_(Bairdemys_healeyorum)_; {224 PLA,_mesoplastra present,_wider_than_long_(Notoemys_laticentralis) present,_rounder_and_lateral_(Podocnemis_expansa) absent_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {225 PLA,_fontanella_between_hyo_and_hypoplastra yes_(Notoemys_laticentralis) no_(Podocnemis_expansa); {226 PLA,_pectorals_on_entoplastron no_(Euraxemys_essweini) yes_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {227 PLA,_pectoral_on_epiplastron no,_far_behind_epiplastron_(Cearachelys_placidoi) on_epiplastron,_on_epi-hyoplastron_suture_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {228 PLA,_pectoral_on_mesoplastron yes_(Cearachelys_placidoi) anterior_to_mesoplastron_(Kurmademys_kallamedensis); {229 PLA,_gular_scute small_,_humerals_contact_in_midline_(Cearachelys_placidoi) large,_separating_extragulars_and_humerals_(Taphrosphrys_sulcatus); {230 PLA,_extragulars_size large,_almost_the_same_size_as_gular_(Chelus_fimbriatus) smaller_than_gular_(Pelomedusa_subrufa) extragulars_absent_(Araripemys_barretoi); {231 PLA,_entoplastron_caudal_end_reaching_the_axillary_notch_level_of_plastron not_reaching_(Phrynops_geoffroanus) caudal_end_reaches_axillary_notch_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {232 PLA,_extragulars_in_comparison_to_intergular separated_by_gular_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) larger_than_gular,_in_contact_in_midline_caudally_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {233 PLA,_gular_scales_reach_entoplastron yes_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis)_ no_(Podocnemis_unifilis)_; {234 PLA,_humeral_scale longest_length_humeral_<_longest_length_pectoral_(Elseya_dentata)__ longest_length_humeral_=_>_longest_length_pectoral_(Pelusios_castanoides)_; {235 PLA,_abdominal_scale_length midline_length_abdominal_=_>_midline_length_anal_(Podocnemis_unifilis) midline_length_abdominal_<_midline_length_anal_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus); {236 PLA,_strong_constriction_on_femural-anal_scute_on_xiphiplastra no,_smooth_edge_(Elseya_dentata) yes_(Phrynops_hilarii); {237 PEL,_pelvis_sutured_to_shell no_(Proganochelys_quenstedti) yes_(Pelusios_castanoides); {238 PLA,_pubic_scar_shape wider_as_in_Phrynops_hilarii_(largest_width/length_>0.40) narrower_as_in_Podocnemis_unifilis_(largest_width/length_<0.40); {239 PLA,_ischial_scar_shape large_and_linear_or_V-shaped_(Podocnemis_unifilis) small_and_equidimensional_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus); {240 PLA,_ischial_scar_position_related_to_the_lateral_edges_of_xiphiplastron far_from_the_caudal_and_lateral_edges_of_xiphiplastron_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) closer_to_the_caudal_and_lateral_edges_of_xiphiplastron_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {241 PLA,_cranial_margin_width_of_gulars much_narrower_than_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Taphrosphys_sulcatus) almost_the_same_width_as_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Podocnemis_expansa) wider_than_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Neochelys_laurenti) much_wider_than_the_cranial_margin_of_intergular_(Erymnochelys_madagascariensis); {242 PLA,_ischial_scar_position_related_to_the_anal_notch_of_xiphiplastron the_most_caudal_tip_of_the_scar_reaches_the_level_of_the_anal_notch_(Podocnemis_expansa) the_most_caudal_tip_is_located_cranially_to_the_anal_notch_level_(Foxemys_mechinorum); {243 PLA,_gular_position gular_reaches_cranial_margin_of_plastron_(Podocnemis_expansa) gular_retracted_from_cranial_margin_of_plastron_(Chelodina_colliei); {244 PLA,_shape_of_caudal_process_of_xiphiplastron short_and_wide_(Podocnemis_expansa) long_and_narrow_(Chelus_fimbriatus); {245 PM,_median_notch_in_upper_jaw notch_absent,_mx_and_pm_ventral_ridge_runs_anteroventrally,_forming_an_anterior_hook_(Peltocephalus_dumerilianus) notch_absent_or_very_shallow,_mx_and_pm_ventral_ridge_runs_anteriorly_to_the_midline_(Lemurchelys_diasphax) notch_present,_mx_and_pm_ventral_ridge_runs_anterodorsally_to_the_midline_(Podocnemis_unifilis); {246 Labyrinth,_ratio_between_labyrinth_length_/_crus_communis_height_to_the_horizontal_axis greater_than_2.5_(Elseya) lesser_than_2.5_(Podocnemis); {247 Labyrinth,_angle_ASC_/_PSC greater_than_90_(Elseya) lesser_than_90_(Podocnemis); {248 Labyrinth,_ASC_course straight_(Elseya) arched_(Podocnemis); {249 Labyrinth,_size_of_the_opening_between_the_lateral_semicircular_canal_and_the_vestibule small_(Proganochelys) large_(Podocnemis); {250 Labyrinth,_ASC_dorsoventrally_higher_than_PSC no_(Elseya) yes_(Podocnemis); {251 Labyrinth,_ASC_/_PSC_length_ratio lesser_than_1.1_(Bothremys_maghrebiana) greater_than_1.1_(Yuraramirim); {252 Endocast,_dorsal_projection_posterior_to_the_cerebral_hemispheres present_(Hamadachelys) absent_(Yuraramirim); {253 Endocast,_cartilaginous_rider_fading_to_a_ridge_anteriorly no_(Hamadachelys) yes_(Phosphatochelys); {254 Endocast,_medulla_position_relative_to_the_cerebral_hemispheres dorsal_margin_of_medulla_ventral_to_dorsal_margin_of_cerebral_hemispheres_(Phosphatochelys) dorsal_margins_of_medulla_and_cerebral_hemispheres_roughly_at_the_same_plane_(Araripemys); {255 Endocast,_,_cerebral_hemispheres_lateral_expansions slightly_expanded_(Podocnemis) very_expanded_laterally_(Phosphatochelys); {256 Carotid,_cerebral_carotid_canal short_(as_in_Podocnemis),_entering_braincase_anteriorly_to_the_foramen_stapedio-temporale_ long_(as_in_Galianemys),_entering_braincase_posteriorly_to_FST; {257 Carotid,_inclination_of_the_internal_carotid_course_between_the_posterior_(fpcci)_and_anterior_(facci)_foramina lesser_than_140º_(Phrynops) greater_than_140º_(Ummulisani); {258 Carotid,_foramen_anterius_canalis_caroticum_palatinum_size small_(Hydromedusa) large_(Podocnemis); {259 Carotid,_carotid_canal_dorsally_open_at_some_point no_(Podocnemis) yes_(Ummulisani); {260 Nerves,_cranial_nerve_I_canal slender_(Podocnemis) broad_(Phosphatochelys); {261 Nerves,_canalis_nervi_vidiani absent_(Hydromedusa) present_(Pelomedusa); {262 Nerves,_canal_for_the_cranial_facial_(VII)_nerve approximately_straight,_directed_laterally_(Pelusios) directed_laterally_in_medial_section,_then_bends_posteriorly_(Hydromedusa); {263 QU,_sulcus_posterior_to_condlys_mandibularis absent,_smooth_surface present; {264 EVERS_116,_foramen_nervi_hypoglossi_ventral_covering exposed_in_ventral_view covered_by_an_extension_of_the_BO covered_by_an_extension_of_BO_and_EX; {265 EVERS_117,_foramen_nervi_hypoglossi exit_posterior_to_fenestra_postotica at_least_one_opens_anterior_to_the_margin_of_fenestra_postotica both_open_anterior_to_the_margin_of_fenestra_postotica; {266 EVERS_120,_Basioccipital,_basal_tubera formed_by_BO formed_by_EX_+_BO; {267 EVERS_122,_Prootic,_lateral_semicircular_canal_enclosure only_formed_by_opisthotic,_prootic_not_ossified formed_by_opithotic_and_prootic; {268 EVERS_123,_Prootic,_ventral_process; {269 EVERS_125,_Prootic/pterygoid,_posteroventral_elongation_of_trigeminal_foramen trigeminal_foramen_rounded elongated; {270 EVERS_128,_Prootic/opisthotic,_enclosure_of_fenestra_ovalis fenestra_ovalis_ventrally_enclosed_by_PR_and_OP PR_and_OP_do_not_have_a_contact_ventrally_to_the_fenestra; {271 EVERS_138,_rostrum_basisphenoidale; {272 EVERS_141,_basisphenoid,_retractor_bulbi_pits bulbi_pit_absent present; {273 EVERS_143,_basisphenoid,_prootic_foramen prootic_foramen_present absent; {274 MANIEL_2017,_Supraoccipital_shape rhomboidal subtriangular oblong_(anteroposterior_axis_much_longer_than_lateromedial_axis); {275 GEORGES_2009,_QU-PA_contact absent present; {276 PLA,_length_bridge_/_length_anterior_lobe bridge_longer_than_anterior_lobe,_ratio_=>_1 bridge_shorter_than_anterior_lobe,_ratio_<_1; {277 QJ-SQ_contact present absent; {278 PG_29,_Location_of_pubic_scars exclusively_on_xiphiplastra overlapping_posterior_region_of_hypoplastra; {279 CAR,_Pleural_2_overlapping_on_costal_1 absent present; {280 CAR,_Costal_1_width/length width/length_>=_1.25 less_than_1.25; {281 Caudal_vertebrae platycoelous,_amphicoelous formed_centra_varies,_opisthocoelous_and_procoelous all_centra_procoelous; {282 Carapace,_bridge_marginals restricted_to_peripheral_plates_(Bauruemys) coincide_with_peripheral/costal_suture,_or_even_overlap_costals_(Chelodina); {283 LC2017,_Carapace_F The_width_of_the_posterior_half_of_carapace_is_the_same_or_is_slightly_wider_than_the_anterior_half_(Platychelys) pentagonal_in_shape,_with_the_anterior_border_more_or_less_straight_and_the_posterior_half_tapering_posteriorly_(Phrynops); {284 LC2017,_Suprapygal_A one_element_(Podocnemis) two_elements_(Notoemys); ; ccode + 13 17 18 70 94 95 98 100 118 128 173 174 * ] 25; tread (0 ((1 (123 2)) ((121 120) (((((119 117) 126) 125) (7 ((6 8) ((124 122) (5 (127 ((9 (10 (13 (12 11)))) ((16 15) (14 (((18 17) 114) (4 (118 (3 (20 19)))))))))))))) ((23 (22 21)) ((((25 24) (116 115)) (27 26)) (28 (29 ((33 34 (35 ((30 (32 31)) (38 104 36 37 110 (111 112 109) (41 108 107 (40 (39 ((47 46) ((45 44) (43 42))) ((52 (51 (58 57))) (53 ((105 (56 (54 55))) (50 (49 48)))))))))))) (59 (102 (60 (61 (63 (62 ((103 (64 (65 66))) ((75 (67 (71 ((68 (129 (128 130))) (69 (70 (72 (74 73)))))))) ((76 77 79 78) ((106 (85 (86 ((87 81) (84 (82 83)))))) (80 (88 (93 (94 (96 ((89 (90 (101 91 92))) (100 98 (99 (97 95))))))))))))))))))))))))))))* ; proc /; comments 7 {26 261 Gaffney 2006; {108 173 Perez-Garcia (2017; Algorachelus); {116 4 Joyce et al. 2016; {116 7 Joyce et al. 2016; {116 9 Joyce et al. 2016; {116 17 Gaffney et al. 2006; Joyce et al. 2016; {116 53 Broin 1980; ;