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[( et )20(a)20(l.)] TJ
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(\(lepidopteran larvae\), one may use artificial plasticine caterpillars \(Loiselle & ) Tj
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[(Farji-Brener 2002; Richards & Coley 2007; T)32(vardikova & Novotny 2012\). )] TJ
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(caterpillars, they have been shown to suffer similar levels of attack, and so ) Tj
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[(\(Richards & Coley 2007; Howe, Lvei & Nachman 2009\). T)35(his method has )] TJ
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(been successfully used to indicate predation rates in both tropical \(Loiselle ) Tj
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[(I)20(deally, the site should be in a habitat as close as possible to the climax )] TJ
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(low risk of public interference. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(100 plasticine caterpillars in tubes + 10 spares ) Tj
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(Return address prepaid envelope \(if applicable in your country\) ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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[(T)20(o provide a standardised bait, we have moulded artificial caterpillars \(2.5 x )] TJ
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(30mm\) for you from odourless, non-toxic coloured plasticine \(Lewis ) Tj
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(Newplast in an equal mixture of two colours: green and light green\) to ) Tj
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(provided. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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[(It is critically imp)-19(ortant that we em)20(p)-19(lo)20(y standardised methods to )] TJ
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[(p)-19(lease follow these instructions careful)20(ly. )] TJ
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( ) Tj
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(Caterpillars should be placed on naturally-growing seedlings, or shrubs not ) Tj
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(among ) Tj
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[(five 3m x )-19(4m grids with 20 cate)20(rp)-19(illars in each grid)] TJ
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(. ) Tj
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(Each ) Tj
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(\(see Figure 1\). ) Tj
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[(I)20(deally, all grids should be set up on the same day, but if this is not )] TJ
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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[(Figure 1. Layout of one grid of 20 caterp)-19(illars \(+ = cater)20(p)-19(illar\). )] TJ
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(As we cannot not control for plant species used throughout the study, ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(that are undamaged and of a similar size and shape \(i.e. undamaged, ) Tj
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[(I)20(f the leaf is flexible, placing the caterpilla)-19(r close to the stem will help )] TJ
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( for any ) Tj
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(imperfections that could be mistaken later for predator damage, and ) Tj
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(be careful when attaching the caterpillar to avoid making marks \(e.g. ) Tj
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(from finger nails\). Care should be taken to minimise the amount of ) Tj
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(glue used as this may give unwanted chemical signals to predators. ) Tj
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(We have provided 10 extra caterpillars, so caterpillars damaged in ) Tj
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(transit can be replaced. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(check the ) Tj
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( \(4 days\) 2 hours ) Tj
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(period \(particularly if attack rates are low\) then please remember to ) Tj
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(record the number of days of exposure for each caterpillar when you ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(4.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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[(. Yo)20(u should here indicate the )] TJ
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(has been attacked or not, by which predator group \(see below\), and ) Tj
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(the number of days of exposure. Use the hand lens and guide ) Tj
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(supplied to determine whether the individual shows signs of being ) Tj
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( with ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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[(Pla)20(ce, D)-19(at)20(e collec)-19(t)20(ed in, Nu)-19(m)20(ber of )-39(t)20(he grid, Nu)-19(m)40(ber of )-39(t)20(he lea)20(f)-39(, Num)40(ber )] TJ
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[(I)20(f you decide after inspecting the caterpill)-19(ar that it does not show any )] TJ
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( \(See Attack marks guide, Figure 2 below and photos ) Tj
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(scrape marks from mandibles, birds leave characteristic beak marks, ) Tj
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(and mammal attacks can be recognised from incisor marks and ) Tj
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(shrews. Classify the attack as unknown if it is ambiguous. Snails, ) Tj
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(Figure 2\). As this is not a true predation event, we will not include ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(7.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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[(If the caterp)-19(illar has fallen off the leaf, )20(but can be retrieved then )] TJ
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(either) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(onto the leaf) Tj
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( if it shows no sign of attack, or if it ) Tj
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(tick the box fallen indicating that it had fallen off the leaf. ) Tj
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(If the ) Tj
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[(caterp)-19(illar cannot be found, please tick the box )-19(lost)] TJ
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( indicating ) Tj
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(this. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(8.) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(After you have completed the experiment please ) Tj
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[(p)-19(ost back all the )] TJ
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[(caterp)-19(illars)] TJ
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( in their labelled tubes ) Tj
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[(and t)20(he datasheets)] TJ
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( in the prepaid ) Tj
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(addressed envelope. Please email the photographs of the grid to ) Tj
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(sfegtweets@gmail.com) Tj
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(Figure 2. Characteristic attack marks of ants \(a\), birds \(b\), rodents \(c\), ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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[(I)20(F YOU AR)-19(E )20(UNSUR)-19(E )20(ABOU)-19(T )20(ANY)-19(T)20(H)-19(I)20(NG)-19(, PLE)20(AS)-19(E )20(ASK!!! )] TJ
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(across the sites. We would much rather have you ask for advice in tricky ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(e-mail us at: ) Tj
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(We aim to publish a global paper that will synthesize the overall results from ) Tj
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(publication. ) Tj
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( ) Tj
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(References ) Tj
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[(Jo)20(urna)20(l of )-39(Tropica)20(l Ecology,)] TJ
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( ) Tj
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(24,) Tj
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