Beremendiini is an extinct group of soricine shrews that were widely distributed during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Their occurrence in China has been investigated, but their presence in North Asian regions has remained poorly studied. This paper analyzes 56 fossil remains of Beremendiini collected from 16 early Pliocene to Early Pleistocene localities in Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, and Mongolia and shows the presence of two beremendiin species: Beremendia fissidens and Beremendia minor. North Asian Beremendia considerably varies in size and qualitative characteristics, although most of the different states have been identified in European or Chinese specimens. Through the application of geometric morphometric techniques, mandibular shape analyses reveal similarities between the members of the beremendiin genera Peisorex, Beremendia, and Lunanosorex. Shape analyses and comparisons of mandibular characteristics reveal ‘trophic’ analogies between Beremendia and Blarina members and a new model of ‘Mandible Swinging and Sliding’ (MSS-model) accounting for the similarities in mandibular morphology with implications for the understanding of the diet of Beremendia.
S1_Supplemental_material: List of the 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities.List of the 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities
List of the 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities. Information is in the following order: full name of a locality (bolded), abbreviation in parentheses (bolded; abbreviation used in text and for all Figs and Tabs), geographic position, age attribution and name of a regional stratotype (bolded), collector and collecting year, source of information. References see on the bottom of S1.
S1_Supplemental_material.pdf
S2_Supplemental_material: List of analyzed specimens of Beremendia from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities
Complete list of analyzed specimens of Beremendia from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities. Information is in the following order: abbreviation of the locality (bolded; detail see in S1), number of specimens in parenthesis, number of Inventory Catalog of the laboratory theriology of the Zoological Institute (bolded), number of Personal Zazhigin's Catalog (PZC) or original number in parenthesis (the further numbers (without prefix) after slash are same for ZIN Catalog and PZC), short description of specimen.
S2_Supplemental_material.pdf
S3_Supplemental_material: List of the analyzed bones and isolated teeth of Beremendia from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities
List of the analyzed bones and isolated teeth of Beremendia from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities (other-sorting of S2 list).
S3_Supplemental_material.pdf
S4_Supplemental_material: Measurements performed for a morphometric description of the material
Measurements performed for a morphometric description of the material.
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S5_Supplemental_material: Results of elemental analyses of shrew teeth using of EDX method
Results of elemental analyses of shrew teeth with using of EDX method.
S5_Supplemental_material.pdf
S6_Supplemental_material: Configuration of 5 true landmarks and 45 semi-landmarks used for mandible shape analyses
Position of 5 landmarks and 45 semi-landmarks on the medial side of Peisorex pohaiensis hemimandible (from Jin and Kawamura, 1996a: fig. 6B).
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S7_Supplemental_material: List of the analyzed specimens of other fossil and Recent taxa
List of the analyzed specimens of other fossil and recent taxa. The stars are marking the specimens for shape analyzing procedure.
S7_Supplemental_material.pdf
S8_Supplemental_material: Dental and bone measurements of Beremendia fissidens from five European sites
Dental and bone measurements (mm) of Beremendia fissidens (Petényi, 1864) from five European sites (by Reumer, 1984: 167–170). Measurements are presented as the mean, standard deviation, range, and the number of specimens in parentheses.
S8_Supplemental_material.pdf
S9_Supplemental_material: Dental and bone measurements of Beremendia fissidens and Beremendia minor from three European sites
Dental and bone measurements (mm) of Beremendia fissidens (Petényi, 1864) and Beremendia minor Rzebik-Kowalska, 1976 from [1] Polish site Rębielice Królewskie I (by Rzebik-Kowalska, 1976); B. fissidens and B. minor from [2] Hungarian site Somssich Hill 2 (by Botka and Mészáros, 2014); and B. fissidens from [3] Hungarian site Beremend 14 (by Pazonyi et al., 2016). Measurements are presented as in table S8.
S9_Supplemental_material.pdf
S10_Supplemental_material: Dental and bone measurements of Peisorex pohaiensis and Beremendia jiangnanensis from Chinese sites
Dental and bone measurements (mm) of Peisorex pohaiensis Kowalski et Li, 1963 from Chinese Chiachiashan (Kovalski and Li, 1963: 142), [1] — dimensions from original description, [2] — re-dimensions by Jin and Kawamura (1996a), [3] — this paper (measured of holotype replica); P. pohaiensis from from [4] Chinese Haimao site (by Jin and Kawamura, 1996a); Beremendia jiangnanensis Jin, Zhang, Sun et Zheng, 2009 from [5] Chinese Renzidong site (by Jin et al., 2009). Measurements are presented as in table S8.
S10_Supplemental_material.pdf
S11_Supplemental_material: Dental measurements of Beremandia pliocaenicus
Dental measurements (mm) of Beremandia pliocaenicus Flynn et Wu, 1994, from Chinese Mazegou site, [1] — dimensions from the original description, [2] — re-dimensions by Jin, Kawamura (1996a). Measurements are presented as in table S8.
S11_Supplemental_material.pdf
S12_Supplemental_material: Dental and bone measurements of Lunanosorex lii, L. qiui, and Dolinasorex glyphodon
Dental and bone measurements (mm) of Lunanosorex lii Jin et Kawamura, 1996b from [1] Chinese Qipanshan Hill site (original description); L. lii from [2] Chinese Houxushan Hill (Jin et al., 2007); Lunanosorex qiui Jin, Sun et Zhang, 2007 from [3] Chinese Bilike locality (see Qiu and Storch, 2000; as Lunanosorex cf lii); Dolinasorex glyphodon Rofes et Cuenca-Bescos, 2009 from [4] Spanish Grand Dolina site (original description). Measurements are presented as in table S8. For D. glyphodon presents only means for each level, TD4–TD5–TD6, in square brackets (SD, limits and n see in Rofes and Cuenca-Bescos, 2009: tabs 1A, 1B).
S12_Supplemental_material.pdf
S13_Supplemental_material: Dental and bone measurements of investigated material of Beremendia fissidens, B. cf. fissidens, and B. minor from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities of Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, and Mongolia
Dental and bone measurements (mm) of investigated material of Beremendia fissidens, B. cf. B. fissidens, and B. minor from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities of Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Proper specimen measurements sorted by localities see in table S14 below. Measurements are presented as in table S8.
S13_Supplemental_material.pdf
S14_Supplemental_material: Fifty-seven individual measurements of investigated specimens of Beremendia fissidens, B. cf. fissidens, and B. minor from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities in Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, and Mongolia
Fifty-seven individual measurements (mm) of investigated specimens of Beremendia fissidens, B. cf. B. fissidens, and B. minor from 16 early Pliocene–Early Pleistocene localities of Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Abbreviations see in the main text.
S14_Supplemental_material.pdf
S15_Supplemental_material: Characters of Beremendia skull rostral part and upper teeth
The characters of Beremendia skull rostral part and upper teeth. Figs. 1 and 2.
S15_Supplemental_material.pdf
S16_Supplemental_material: Characters of the condylar articular surfaces and entoglenoid fossa of Blarina and Beremendia
Characters of the condylar articular surfaces and entoglenoid fossa of Blarina and Beremendia. Figs. 1 and 2.
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S17_Supplemental_material: List of abbreviations
S17_Supplemental_material.pdf
