Shell shape does not accurately predict self-righting ability in hatchling freshwater turtles
Data files
Apr 23, 2024 version files 5.56 MB
- 
              
                README.md
                1.48 KB
 - 
              
                sl1_t52_01.csv
                21.59 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t20_01.csv
                63.63 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t20_02.csv
                71.38 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t35_01.csv
                13.12 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t35_02.csv
                57.05 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t35_03.csv
                62.01 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t53_01.csv
                21.16 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t53_02.csv
                14.78 KB
 - 
              
                sl2_t53_03.csv
                9.13 KB
 - 
              
                sl4_t16_01.csv
                29.55 KB
 - 
              
                sl4_t16_02.csv
                48.61 KB
 - 
              
                sl4_t38_01.csv
                39.45 KB
 - 
              
                sl4_t38_02.csv
                22.73 KB
 - 
              
                sl4_t38_03.csv
                21.35 KB
 - 
              
                sl5_t16_01.csv
                56.40 KB
 - 
              
                sl5_t39_01.csv
                54.13 KB
 - 
              
                sl5_t56_01.csv
                75.90 KB
 - 
              
                sl6_t18_01.csv
                48.38 KB
 - 
              
                sl6_t37_01.csv
                25.93 KB
 - 
              
                sl6_t37_02.csv
                23.99 KB
 - 
              
                sl6_t57_01.csv
                46.06 KB
 - 
              
                sl6_t57_02.csv
                72.20 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t07_01.csv
                32.86 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t07_02.csv
                8.28 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t07_03.csv
                26.17 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t07_04.csv
                11.96 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t07_05.csv
                23.99 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t07_06.csv
                20.41 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t28_02.csv
                27.55 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t28_03.csv
                11.27 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t28_04.csv
                15.91 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t28_05.csv
                23.57 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t46_01.csv
                13.07 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t46_02.csv
                23.94 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t46_03.csv
                9.10 KB
 - 
              
                sn1_t46_04.csv
                35.42 KB
 - 
              
                sn2_t29_01.csv
                37.71 KB
 - 
              
                sn2_t29_02.csv
                18.51 KB
 - 
              
                sn2_t47_01.csv
                17.28 KB
 - 
              
                sn2_t47_02.csv
                10.19 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t09_01.csv
                56.41 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t09_02.csv
                18.71 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t09_03.csv
                21.36 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t09_04.csv
                32.90 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_01.csv
                24.72 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_02.csv
                22.96 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_03.csv
                20.06 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_04.csv
                26.41 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_05.csv
                30.47 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_06.csv
                62.31 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_07.csv
                31.04 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_08.csv
                32.86 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t30_09.csv
                59.37 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t48_01.csv
                23.96 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t48_02.csv
                10.30 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t48_03.csv
                16.25 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t48_04.csv
                27.09 KB
 - 
              
                sn3_t48_05.csv
                27.79 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t10_01.csv
                9.51 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t10_02.csv
                14.39 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t10_03.csv
                16.19 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t10_04.csv
                22.26 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t31_01.csv
                14.45 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t31_02.csv
                22.26 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t31_03.csv
                12.41 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t31_04.csv
                60.03 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t31_05.csv
                26.04 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_01.csv
                41.09 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_02.csv
                27.80 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_03.csv
                29.11 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_04.csv
                18.54 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_05.csv
                15.24 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_06.csv
                29.32 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_07.csv
                38.50 KB
 - 
              
                sn4_t49_08.csv
                36.09 KB
 - 
              
                sn5_t11_01.csv
                32.74 KB
 - 
              
                sn5_t11_03.csv
                8.75 KB
 - 
              
                sn5_t33_01.csv
                44.71 KB
 - 
              
                sn5_t33_02.csv
                26.39 KB
 - 
              
                sn5_t33_03.csv
                22.14 KB
 - 
              
                sn5_t50_01.csv
                37.32 KB
 - 
              
                sn5_t50_02.csv
                10.46 KB
 - 
              
                sn6_t12_01.csv
                30.92 KB
 - 
              
                sn6_t12_02.csv
                26.52 KB
 - 
              
                sn6_t32_01.csv
                47.42 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t01_01.csv
                47.82 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t01_02.csv
                38.52 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t01_03.csv
                33.42 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t01_04.csv
                31.25 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t22_01.csv
                32.01 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t22_02.csv
                12.93 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t22_03.csv
                49.37 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t22_04.csv
                37 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t40_01.csv
                35.42 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t40_02.csv
                37.10 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t40_03.csv
                42.48 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t40_04.csv
                54.66 KB
 - 
              
                ss1_t40_05.csv
                36.73 KB
 - 
              
                ss2_t23_01.csv
                40.28 KB
 - 
              
                ss2_t41_01.csv
                43.96 KB
 - 
              
                ss2_t41_02.csv
                39.70 KB
 - 
              
                ss2_t41_03.csv
                38.47 KB
 - 
              
                ss2_t41_04.csv
                28.99 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t03_01.csv
                57.98 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t03_02.csv
                39.75 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t03_03.csv
                46.74 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t03_04.csv
                55.49 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t24_01.csv
                42.88 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t24_02.csv
                30.74 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t24_03.csv
                41.88 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t24_04.csv
                50.84 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t24_05.csv
                44.86 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t24_06.csv
                45.53 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t24_07.csv
                42.39 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t42_01.csv
                14.83 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t42_02.csv
                15.67 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t42_03.csv
                43.20 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t42_04.csv
                32.08 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t42_05.csv
                32.72 KB
 - 
              
                ss3_t42_06.csv
                50.42 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t25_01.csv
                31.91 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t25_02.csv
                28.08 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t25_03.csv
                41.53 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t25_04.csv
                20.89 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t25_05.csv
                14.56 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t25_06.csv
                19.40 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t43_01.csv
                37.68 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t43_02.csv
                37.43 KB
 - 
              
                ss4_t43_03.csv
                52.05 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t05_01.csv
                34.02 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t05_02.csv
                36.28 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t05_03.csv
                37.19 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t05_04.csv
                32.46 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t05_05.csv
                38.42 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t05_06.csv
                39.64 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_01.csv
                48.01 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_02.csv
                35.61 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_03.csv
                37.28 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_04.csv
                33.31 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_05.csv
                46.19 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_06.csv
                40.71 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_07.csv
                33.64 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_08.csv
                31.01 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_09.csv
                45.51 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t26_10.csv
                41.14 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_01.csv
                28.27 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_02.csv
                41.92 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_03.csv
                20.75 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_04.csv
                16.50 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_05.csv
                23.10 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_06.csv
                20.89 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_07.csv
                60.74 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_08.csv
                44.74 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_09.csv
                28.41 KB
 - 
              
                ss5_t44_10.csv
                25.73 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_01.csv
                29.35 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_02.csv
                16.33 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_03.csv
                18.84 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_04.csv
                37.35 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_05.csv
                23.97 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_06.csv
                29.66 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_07.csv
                41.29 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t06_08.csv
                39.35 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t27_01.csv
                39.88 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t27_02.csv
                29.32 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t27_03.csv
                32.37 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t27_04.csv
                18.72 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t45_01.csv
                26.28 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t45_02.csv
                35.01 KB
 - 
              
                ss6_t45_03.csv
                33.81 KB
 
Abstract
The different degrees of hydrodynamic shell shape in freshwater turtles likely represent an evolutionary trade-off between adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle and the movement capabilities of a larger and more rounded shell. Trade-offs often result in compromises, and this is particularly true when these turtles must self-right to avoid the negative effects of inverting. With flatter carapaces aquatic turtles, theoretically, must invest more biomechanical effort than their terrestrial counterparts with their more rounded carapaces, to achieve successful and timely self-righting. This places the hatchlings of freshwater species in a precarious position; more prone to inversion and predation than adults and with shells seemingly maladapted to the act of self-righting. Here, we examine the self-righting performance in three morphologically distinct freshwater turtle species (Apalone spinifera, Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta scripta) that inhabit similar environmental niches. We demonstrate that hatchlings of these species were capable of rapid self-righting and used considerably less biomechanical effort relative to adult turtles. Despite differences in shell morphology the energetic efficiency of self-righting remained remarkably low and uniform between the three species of freshwater hatchling. Our results confound theoretical predictions of self-righting ability based solely on shell shape metrics and indicate that other morphological characteristics like neck or tail morphology and shell material properties must be considered to better understand the biomechanical nuances of Testudine self-righting.
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.05qfttf92
The raw data files (.csv) containing time and filtered force data that was used to calculate the biomechanical costs of self-righting in three freshwater hatchling turtle species Apalone spinifera (spiny softshell turtle), Chelydra serpentina (common snapping turtle) and Trachemys scripta scripta (yellow-bellied slider).
Description of the data and file structure
Each .csv file follows the same structure:
Columns AB rows 1 to 8:
Here you will find filename (row 1), mass and morphometric data (rows 2-5) and self-righting timings (row 6-8)
Columns AB rows 10 to 12:
Row 10 is the kinetic-energy equivalent (KEE) calculated for the self-righting event
Row 11 is the power-output equivalent (PEE) calculated for the self righting event
Row 12 is the height-change equivalent (HE) calculated for the self righting event
Columns AF rows >14:
Column A is the time in seconds taken from the force plate
Column B is the total vertical force (fz) in Newtons (N) taken from the force plate
Column C is the total vertical force (fz) in Newtons minus the force of the turtles body weight.
Column D is the calculated trapezoidal area under the force–time increments
Column E is the instantaneous velocity values
Column F is the instantaneous kinetic-energy equivalent values
