Hybridization is a source of phenotypic novelty and variation because of increased additive genetic variation. Yet, the roles of non-additive allelic interactions in shaping phenotypic mean and variance of hybrids have been underappreciated. Here we examine the distributions of male-mating traits in F1 hybrids via a meta-analysis of 3,208 effect sizes from 39 animal species pairs. Although additivity sets phenotypic distributions of F1s to be intermediate, F1s also showed recessivity and resemblance to maternal species. F1s expressed novel phenotypes (beyond the range of both parents) in 65% of species pairs, often associated with increased phenotypic variability. Overall, however, F1s expressed smaller variation than parents in 51% of traits. While genetic divergence between parents did not impact phenotypic novelty, it increased phenotypic variability of F1s. By creating novel phenotypes with increased variability, non-additivity of heterozygotic genome may play key roles in determining mating success of F1s, and their subsequent extinction or speciation.

Dataset was collected through the systematic review. All data and analytic processes are clarified in the R code (Supplementary_material_S1.Rmd).

All data (original.data.xlsx) and R code (Supplementary_material_S1.Rmd) used in "Non-additive genetic effects induce novel phenotypic distributions in male mating traits of F1 hybrids" are uploaded on this repository. All materials of this study, including model outputs and Supplementary material S1 (html output of Supplementary_material_S1.Rmd), can be found on Github repository. 

Original data file (original.data.xlsx) Contains sheets following:

• Sheet Phenotype contains all phenotypic data gathered through systematic review
• Sheet Species.level.moderators contains additional data (e.g., genetic distance between parents) used in meta-/Bayesian regression models
• Sheet Description provides explanations for column names of sheet Phenotype and Species.level.moderators
• Sheet Primary.studies provides a list of primary studies included in our meta-analysis