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Data from: Far red light increases maize volatile emissions in response to volatile cues from neighboring plants

Escobar Bravo, Rocío1

Published Mar 25, 2024 on Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbs7n

Cite this dataset

Escobar Bravo, Rocío (2024). Data from: Far red light increases maize volatile emissions in response to volatile cues from neighboring plants [Dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbs7n

Abstract

Plants perceive the presence and defense status of their neighbors through light and volatile cues, but how plants integrate both stimuli is poorly understood. We investigated if and how low Red to Far red light (R:FR) ratios, indicative of shading or canopy closure, affect maize (Zea mays) responses to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), including the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. We modulated light signaling and perception by using FR supplementation and a phyB1phyB2 mutant, and we determined volatile release as a response readout. To gain mechanistic insights, we examined expression of volatile biosynthesis genes, hormone accumulation, and photosynthesis. Exposure to a full blend of HIPVs or (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate induced maize volatile release. Short-term FR supplementation increased this response. In contrast, prolonged FR supplementation or constitutive phytochrome B inactivation in phyB1phyB2 plants showed the opposite response. Short-term FR supplementation enhanced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate-induced JA-Ile levels. We conclude that a FR-enriched light environment can prompt maize plants to respond more strongly to HIPVs emitted by neighbors, which might be explained by changes in photosynthetic processes and phytochrome B signaling. Our findings reveal interactive responses to light and volatile cues with potentially important consequences for plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions.

README: Data from: Far-red light increases maize volatile emissions in response to volatile cues from neighboring plants

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0rxwdbs7n

Data & File overview:

  1. Excel file containing 27 excel sheets corresponding to the data used in the main and supplemental figures of the manuscript:

    1. Figure 1b. Volatiles collected and measured by PTR-TOF-MS from both emitter and receiver maize plants.

    * Number of variables: 12
    * Variable list:

    1. Emitter = Low Red to Far Red treated plant infested with S. littoralis (Low R:FR infested) or left uninfested (Low R:FR non_infested)
    2. Receiver = Low or high R:FR treated plant (LowR_FR and HighR_FR)
    3. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    4. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    5. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    6. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    7. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    8. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene: (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. Hexenal (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. Hexenol (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    12. HexenylAcetate (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    2. Figure 2b. Volatiles collected and measured by PTR-TOF-MS from maize plants exposed to low or high R:FR, followed by  (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and simulated herbivory.

    * Volatile emissions collected during 2 phases: (I) Exposure to hac and (II) Priming. After hac pre-treatment and simulated herbivory.
    * Number of variables: 11
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR:FR or HighR:FR)
    2. Volatile_treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before Herbivory treatment.
    4. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    5. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    6. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    7. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    8. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    3. **Figure 3b.    * Hormone levels in low and high R:FR treated plants during (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate exposure

    * Number of variables: 8
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R_FR or High R_FR)
    2. Volatile treatment = clean air or HAC [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Time_after_exposure_to_HAC (min): 45, 90 and 180 minutes after the start of HAC exposure.
    4. OPDA: 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    5. JA: jasmonic acid (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    6. JA_Ille: jasmonic acid isoleucine (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    7. ABA: abscisic acid (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    8. SA: salycilic acid (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    4. Figure 3c. Hormone levels in low and high R:FR treated plants pre-treated with hac or clean air and induction with simulated herbivory

    * Number of variables: 9
    * Variable list:

    1. Light Treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R_FR or High R_FR)
    2. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or HAC [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h.
    3. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    4. Time_after_Simulated_Herbivory (min): 0, 45, 90 and 180 minutes after the induction with simulated herbivory.
    5. OPDA: 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid(ng/grams of fresh weight)
    6. JA: jasmonic acid (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    7. JA_Ille: jasmonic acid isoleucine(ng/grams of fresh weight)
    8. ABA: abscisic acid (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    9. SA: salycilic acid (ng/grams of fresh weight)
    5. **Figure 4b.    * Gene expression levels low and high R:FR treated plants during (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate exposure

    * Number of variables: 8
    * Variable list:

    1. Light_treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R:FR or High R:FR)
    2. Volatile treatment = clean air or HAC [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Time_after_exposure_to_HAC (min): 45, 90 and 180 minutes after the start of HAC exposure.
    4. TPS2: Terpene synthase 2 (Normalized expression)
    5. TPS10: Terpene synthase 10 (Normalized expression)
    6. CYP92C5: P450 Monooxygenase CYP92C5 *(Normalized expression)
    7. TPS1: *Terpene synthase 1     (Normalized expression)
    8. FPPS3: farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase 3 (Normalized expression)
    6. Figure 4c. Gene expression levels in low and high R:FR treated plants pre-treated with hac or clean air and induction with simulated herbivory

    * Number of variables: 9
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R:FR or High R:FR)
    2. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h.
    3. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(Simulated_Herbivory)
    4. Time_after_Simulated_Herbivory (min): 0, 45, 90 and 180 minutes after the induction with simulated herbivory.
    5. TPS2: Terpene synthase 2 (Normalized expression)
    6. TPS10: Terpene synthase 10 (Normalized expression)
    7. CYP92C5: *P450 Monooxygenase CYP92C5 *(Normalized expression)
    8. TPS1: Terpene synthase 1 (Normalized expression)
    9. FPPS3: farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase 3 (Normalized expression)
    7. **Figure 5b.    *

    * Number of variables: 4
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R_FR or High R_FR)
    2. Volatile Treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Leaf: Leaf 3 from the bottom (L3)
    4. StomatalConductance (mmol/m2/s1)
    8. Figure 5c

    * Number of variables: 4
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R_FR or High R_FR)
    2. Volatile Treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Leaf: Leaf 2 from the bottom (L2)
    4. StomatalConductance (mmol/m2/s1)
    9. Figure 5d

    * Number of variables: 5
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R_FR or High R_FR)
    2. Volatile Pre-Treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before Simulate Herbivory
    3. Simulated Herbivory: Not wounded (NotW) or induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(wounded)
    4. Leaf: Leaf 3 from the bottom (L3)
    5. StomatalConductance (mmol/m2/s1)
    10. **Figure 5e    *

    * Number of variables: 5
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R_FR or High R_FR)
    2. Volatile Pre-Treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before Simulate Herbivory
    3. Simulated Herbivory: Not wounded (NotW) or induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(wounded)
    4. Leaf: Leaf 2 from the bottom (L2)
    5. StomatalConductance (mmol/m2/s1)
    11. **Figure 6bc.    *

    * Number of variables: 4
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = Low or High R:FR treatments (Low R_FR or High R_FR)
    2. Volatile Treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h.
    3. Net photosynthesis in leaf 2 (µmol CO2 m-2s-1)
    4. Net photosynthesis in leaf 3 (µmol CO2 m-2s-1)
    12. Figure 7b Volatiles collected and measured by PTR-TOF-MS from maize W22 and PhyB1B2 mutant plants exposed to high R:FR, followed by  (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and simulated herbivory.

    * Volatile emissions collected during 2 phases: 1) Exposure to hac and 2) Priming. After hac pre-treatment and simulated herbivory.
    * Number of variables: 12
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR:FR or HighR:FR)
    2. Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before SimulatedHerbivory.
    4. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    5. Genotype: W22 or PhyB (PhyB1B2 mutant)
    6. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    7. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    8. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    12. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    13. **Figure 8b.    * Volatiles collected and measured by PTR-TOF-MS from maize W22 exposed to high R:FR for 6 days or low R:FR for 4 or 6 days, followed by  (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and simulated herbivory.

    * Volatile emissions collected during 2 phases: 1) Exposure to hac and 2) Priming: After hac pre-treatment and simulated herbivory.
    * Number of variables: 11
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = plants under High Red to Far Red (High R:FR)ratio for 6 days (Low R:FR 6 d), low R:FR for 2 days (Low R:FR 2 d) and low R:FR for 6 days (Low R:FR 6 d).
    2. Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before SimulatedHerbivory.
    4. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    5. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    6. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    7. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    8. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    14. **Figure S1    *. Light spectral conditions under high and low R:FR.

    * PPFD for each wavelength between 350-800 nm
    15. Figure S2b. Length of the second internode measured before and after 2 d of low or high R:FR treatments

    * Number of variables: 3
    * List of variables:

    1. Light: low or high R:FR (LowR_FR or HighR_FR)
    2. Days after the start of the light treatment: at the start of the light treatment (Day0) or after 2 days (Day2).
    3. Length of the second internode (cm)
    16. Figure S2c. Auxin levels

    * Number of variables: 2
    * List of variables:
    * Light: low or high R:FR
    * Auxin (IAA) levels in ng/g FW
    17. Figure S3. Aboveground biomass of maize plants

    * Number of variables: 3
    * List of variables:

    1. Emitter: (1) low R:FR treated plant infested with S. littoralis *and (Low R:FR infested) (2) low R:FR treated plants without herbivore (Low R:FR non-infested)
    2. Receiver: (1) low R:FR treated plant (Low R_FR) or (2) high R:FR treated plant (High R_FR).
    3. Emitters Aboveground biomass (g): biomass of stem and leaves of the emitter plants.
    18. **Figure S4b    *. Volatile emissions measured by PTR-TOF-MS on low and high R:FR treated plants induced with herbivory or left intact.

    * Number of variables: 9
    * List of variables:

    1. LightTreatment: low or high R:FR
    2. SimulatedHerbivory: (1) notWounded or (2) Wounded + application of oral secretions of s. litorallis. *(W+OS S. littoralis).
    3. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    4. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    5. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    6. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    7. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    8. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    19. **Figure S5.    * Volatiles collected and measured by PTR-TOF-MS from 30 day-old maize plants exposed to low or high R:FR, followed by  (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and simulated herbivory.

    * Volatile emissions collected during 2 phases: (1) Exposure to hac and (2) Priming. After hac pre-treatment and simulated herbivory.
    * Number of variables: 11
    * List of variables:

    1. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR_FR or HighR_FR)
    2. Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before SimulatedHerbivory.
    4. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from *S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    5. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    6. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    7. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    8. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    20. **Figure S6. **PTR-MS-TOF analysis of different volatile signatures at different time points after HAC exposure in low and high R:FR treated plants.

    * Number of variables: 8
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR_FR or HighR_FR) for 2 days
    2. Volatile treatment = HAC [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. PAR level: Photosynthetically active radiation (µmol m-2s-1).
    4. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight) measurement at 180 min after the start of hac exposure.
    5. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight) measurement at 360 min after the start of hac exposure.
    6. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight) measurement at 360 min after the start of hac exposure.
    7. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight) measurement at 135 min after the start of hac exposure.
    8. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight) measurement at 315 min after the start of hac exposure.
    21. **Figure S7b. **Volatile emissions are measured by using superQ traps and GC-MS.

    * Volatile emissions collected during 2 phases: (1) Exposure to hac and (2) Priming. After hac pre-treatment and simulated herbivory.
    * Number of variables: 14
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR_FR or HighR_FR) for 2 days
    2. Volatile treatment = Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    3. EndOfSamplingPeriodAfterVolatileExposure= the sampling period finished at 2, 4, and 6 h after the start of hac exposure.
    4. EndOfSamplingPeriodAfterHerbivory = the sampling period finished at 2, 4, and 6 h after the start of simulated herbivory.
    5. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    6. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before SimulatedHerbivory.
    7. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    8. alpha_Pinene = α-pinene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. beta_ocimene = β -ocimene  (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. Linalool (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. dmnt = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    12. indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    13. Cis_bergamotene = (E)-α-bergamotene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    14. Farnesene = (*E    )-β-farnesene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    22. **Figure S8. **PTR-TOF-MS analysis of pure linalool

    * Number of variables: 3
    * Variable list:

    1. Iteration: Number of measurements in time
    2. Linalool_Signal_Intensity (AU)
    3. MonoterpenesSignalIntensity (AU)
    23. **Figure S9bc **Stomatal density in leaf 2 and 3 after light and hac treatments

    * Number of variables: 4
    * Variable list:

    1. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR:FR or HighR:FR) for 2 days
    2. Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 3 h.
    3. StomatalDensity leaf #3: Number of stomata per mm2
    4. StomatalDensity leaf #2: Number of stomata per mm2
    24. **Figure S10. **Growth of WT and *PhyB1B2 *mutant under low or high R:FR treatments

    * Number of variables: 5
    * Variable list:

    1. Genotype: phyb1phyb2 mutant or w22
    2. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR:FR or HighR:FR) for 2 days
    3. Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 3 h.
    4. Day_after_start_light_Treatment: when the light treatment started (day 0) and 2 days (day 2) after the start of the light treatment.
    5. SecondInternode: Length of the second internode in cm          
    25. **Figure S11b **Volatiles collected and measured by PTR-TOF-MS from W22 maize plants exposed to low or high R:FR, followed by  (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and simulated herbivory.

    * Volatile emissions collected during 2 phases: (1) Exposure to hac and (2) Priming. After hac pre-treatment and simulated herbivory.
    * Number of variables: 12
    * Variable list:

    1. Genotype: All plants are W22.
    2. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR:FR or HighR:FR)
    3. Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    4. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before SimulatedHerbivory.
    5. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    6. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    7. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    8. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    12. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    26. **Figure S12b    *. Volatiles collected and measured by PTR-TOF-MS from PhyB1B2 (phyb1phyb2) mutant maize plants exposed to low or high R:FR, followed by  (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and simulated herbivory.

    * Volatile emissions collected during 2 phases: (1) Exposure to hac and (2) Priming. After hac pre-treatment and simulated herbivory.
    * Number of variables: 12
    * Variable list:

    1. Genotype: All phyb1phyb2 mutant plants.
    2. Light treatment = low or high R:FR (LowR:FR or HighR:FR)
    3. Volatile treatment = clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate].
    4. Pre-treatment = pre-exposure to clean air or hac [(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate] for 6 h before SimulatedHerbivory.
    5. SimulatedHerbivory: all plants were induced with wounding and oral secretions from *S. littoralis *(SimulatedHerbivory)
    6. Iteration = volatile sampling iteration
    7. Plant = Identification number for each plant that is sampled in the time series analysis.
    8. Indole (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    9. Monoterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    10. Sesquiterpenes (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    11. DMNT = (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)
    12. TMTT = (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11 tetraene (signal intensity/ grams of fresh weight)

 

Funding

Velux Foundation, Award: 1231

European Union, Award: 794, Horizon 2020

Marie Sklodowska‐Curie Actions, Award: 886651, Individual Fellowship

Swiss National Science Foundation, Award: 200355

European Union, Award: 947, Horizon 2020