Variation in population size, nest distribution, colony extent, and timing of movements at the largest known parrot colony
Data files
Aug 30, 2024 version files 3.01 GB
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photographs_2001-2019_burrowing_parrot_colony_El_Cóndor.zip
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README.md
Abstract
Psittaciformes are among the most threatened birds, and population size and trend estimates are needed to aid conservation. The burrowing parrot (Cyanoliseus patagonus) is undergoing substantial changes in its population size, due to habitat degradation, trapping for the pet trade, and persecution as a crop pest. The species formerly had several large colonies, but these were severely reduced during a program of agriculture pest control. Currently, only one large colony remains, together with a decreasing number of smaller colonies spread throughout the Monte and adjacent ecoregions. The colony at El Cóndor, north-eastern Patagonia, Argentina, is of particular importance, concentrating 71% of the global breeding population of burrowing parrots. We aimed to determine changes in 1) breeding population size, 2) the extent of the colony, 3) the distribution of nests along the colony, and 4) the timing of movements from the nest to the foraging locations during the breeding season, over our long-term study (1998-2019). We found that the number of active nests declined from 37531 in 2001 to 21883 in 2005, and recovered in the following years, reaching 40671 nests in 2019. The decline observed in 2005 could be related to droughts and associated food shortage during the La Niña phase of El Niño Southern Oscillation. The colony expanded westwards, from 9 km length in 2001, to 18.1 km in 2019. During the same period, the part of the colony with the highest number of active nests shifted 5 km westwards from El Cóndor village. Both changes could be the consequence of human disturbance. As any serious threat affecting this colony could have severe consequences for the survival of the species, regular monitoring is needed, together with legal protection of the burrowing parrot colony at El Cóndor and the Monte ecosystem around it.
README: Variation in population size, nest distribution, colony extent, and timing of movements at the largest known parrot colony
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1ns1rn93f
Description of the data and file structure
The dataset consist of photographs taken at the burrowing parrot Cyanoliseus patagonus colony at El Cóndor, village, adjacent to the estuary of the Río Negro in Río Negro, north-eastern Patagonia, Argentina, from 2001 to 2019.
The dataset is divided in the following folders:
2001-2002
2004-2005
2005-2006
2007-2008
2008-2009
2019-2020
The name of the folder corresponds to the breeding season in which the photographs were taken.
The photograph series progress from the easternmost end of the colony to the westernmost, except for the breeding season 2019-2020 for which the opposite is true.
For the breeding seasons 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, the photographs corresponding to the easternmost kilometre of the colony are located in a dedicated subfolder within the folder corresponding to each breeding season.
For the breeding season 2019-2020, the photographs are located in four subfolders that correspond to the four days in which the photographs were taken. The name of the subfolders indicate the portion of the colony to which the photographs belong. The photograph series progresses from the westernmost (part_1) end of the colony to its easternmost end (part_4).
Additional note: the people who appear in some of the photographs are the authors of the dataset and associated manuscript.
For further details, please, read:
Masello JF, Pagnossin ML, Sommer C, Quillfeldt P (2006). Population size, provisioning frequency, flock size and foraging range at the largest known colony of Psittaciformes: the Burrowing Parrots of the north-eastern Patagonian coastal cliffs. Emu, 106: 69-79.
Masello JF, Gonther L, Failla M, Wemhoff-de Groot H, Llanos F, Sommer C, Mundry R, Seijas V, Quillfeldt P (2024): Variation in population size, nest distribution, colony extent, and daily movements at the largest known parrot colony: implications for the conservation of Burrowing Parrots. Wildlife Biology Article DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01295
Files and variables
File: photographs_2001-2019_burrowing_parrot_colony_El_Cóndor.zip
Description: The dataset consists of photographs taken at the burrowing parrot Cyanoliseus patagonus colony at El Cóndor, village, adjacent to the estuary of the Río Negro in Río Negro, north-eastern Patagonia, Argentina, during 6 breeding seasons, from 2001 to 2019.
2001-2002: folder corresponding to the breeding season 2001-2002
List of the photographs from the easternmost to the westermost part of the colony
El Condor_2km_primeros_metros_Dec2004.JPG
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2004-2005: folder corresponding to the breeding season 2004-2005
List of the photographs from the easternmost to the westermost part of the colony
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2004-2005\first kilometre: subfolder corresponding to the easternmost kilometre of the colony during the breeding season 2004-2005
List of the photographs from the easternmost kilometre of the colony pogressing towards the west
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2005-2006: folder corresponding to the breeding season 2005-2006
List of the photographs from the easternmost to the westermost part of the colony
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2005-2006\1Km: subfolder corresponding to the easternmost kilometre of the colony during the breeding season 2005-2006
List of the photographs from the easternmost kilometre of the colony pogressing towards the west
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2007-2008: folder corresponding to the breeding season 2007-2008
List of the photographs from the easternmost to the westermost part of the colony
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2008-2009: folder corresponding to the breeding season 2008-2009
List of the photographs from the easternmost to the westermost part of the colony
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2019-2020: folder corresponding to the breeding season 2019-2020
2019-2020\Part 1_BONITA to ESPIGON: subfolder corresponding to the westermost part of the colony between the Bonita and Espigon car accesses
List of the photographs from the westermost part of this sector of the colony to its easternmost part
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2019-2020\Part 2_ESPIGON to 4KM towards the lighthouse: subfolder corresponding to the part of the colony between the Espigon car access and a point 4 km west of the Río Negro lighthouse
List of the photographs from the westermost part of this sector of the colony to its easternmost part
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2019-2020\Part 3_4MK from ESPIGON to 4KM to the lighthouse: subfolder corresponding to the part of the colony located 4 km east of the Espigon car access and 4 km west of the Río Negro lighthouse
List of the photographs from the westermost part of this sector of the colony to its easternmost part
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2019-2020\Part 4_4KM W of the lighthouse to KM0: subfolder corresponding to the easternmost part of the colony
List of the photographs from the westermost part of this sector of the colony to its easternmost part
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Code/software
Photographs can be opened with an image processing software (e.g. GIMP, versions 2.8 or newer, Spencer Kimball, Peter Mattis, and the GIMP Development Team).
Methods
The dataset consist of photographs taken at the burrowing parrot Cyanoliseus patagonus colony at El Cóndor, village, adjacent to the estuary of the Río Negro in Río Negro, north-eastern Patagonia, Argentina, from 2001 to 2019.
During the earlier years of current study (breeding seasons 2004-2005, and 2005-2006), we followed the methodology of Masello et al. (2006) to estimate of the breeding population size of El Cóndor colony (breeding season 2001-2002, hereafter 2001). We photographed the entirety of the densest part of the colony (easternmost; Table 1). This is a part of the cliff, up to 27 m high, where soft sandstone layers belonging to the Río Negro geological formation make the entire cliff. In this part of the colony, the parrots dig their nests between 3 and 26.5 m above sea level. However, for the westernmost part of the colony, sample photographs were taken every 450 m, and the total number of nests in the 450-m sector was extrapolated from these photographs (Masello et al. 2006). In more recent years (breeding seasons 2007-2008, 2008-2009, and 2019-2020), following advances in digital photography, we took a continuous series of digital photographs (3000 x 4000 pixels) covering the entire colony. This means, that the nest counts for those later years represent a complete census of the colony.
We took all photographs of the Burrowing Parrot colony from the sandy beach exposed at the bottom of the cliff during low tide. The colony is accessible from its easternmost end (kilometre 1), and from three man-made accesses cut in the cliff and situated at the easternmost part of kilometre 2 (car access called ‘Segunda Bajada del Faro’), in kilometre 15 (pedestrian access, ‘El Espigón’), and at the easternmost part of kilometre 17 (pedestrian access, ‘Playa Bonita’). Using those accesses, we were able to walk along the cliff, from the vicinity of El Cóndor village to up to three kilometres past the pedestrian access at kilometre 17; thus, we were able to survey the entire Burrowing Parrot colony. During low tide, we were able to shoot photographs from 150 to 170 m away from the cliff. This, resulted in larger sector of the cliff included in each photograph (approximately 200 m). During high tide, we had to take the photographs closer to the cliff (40 to 50 m), resulting in shorter sectors being captured per photograph (approximately 50 m). Due to the sheer size of the colony, we took the photographs over four to five days of fieldwork during each studied season. For this reason, the photographs show small differences in illumination. To minimize such differences, and to avoid strong shadows that could create false structures in the images, we took the photographs during overcast days.
Masello, J.F., Pagnossin, M.L., Sommer, C., Quillfeldt, P. 2006. Population size, provisioning frequency, flock size and foraging range at the largest known colony of Psittaciformes: the Burrowing Parrots of the north-eastern Patagonian coastal cliffs. Emu, 106: 69-79.