A long-standing debate in evolutionary biology concerns the relative importance of different evolutionary forces in explaining phenotypic diversification at large geographic scales. For example, natural selection is typically assumed to underlie divergence along environmental gradients. However, neutral evolutionary processes can produce similar patterns. We collected molecular genetic data from 14 European populations of Plantago lanceolata to test the contributions of natural selection versus neutral evolution to population divergence in temperature-sensitive phenotypic plasticity of floral reflectance. In P. lanceolata reflectance plasticity is positively correlated with latitude/altitude. We used population pairwise comparisons between neutral genetic differentiation (FST and Jost's D) and phenotypic differentiation (PST) to assess the contributions of geographic distance and environmental parameters of the reproductive season in driving population divergence. Data are consistent with selection having shaped large-scale geographic patterns in thermal plasticity. The aggregate pattern of PST vs. FST was consistent with divergent selection. FST explained thermal plasticity differences only when geographic distance was not included in the model. Differences in the extent of cool reproductive-season temperatures, and not overall temperature variation, explained plasticity differences independent of distance. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that thermal plasticity is adaptive where growing seasons are shorter and cooler, i.e., at high latitude/altitude.
DegMoB15, normalized
Normalized Differentiation- Proportion of time (months) below 15 C.
azDegMoB15.csv
Differentiation_Fst, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Fst
azDifferentiation_Fst.csv
Differentiation_Jost, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Jost's D
azDifferentiation_Jost.csv
Euclidean Distance, Normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Euclidean Distance
azEuclidean.csv
Genetic Diversity, normalized
Normalized Differentiation- Genetic Diversity (Heterozygosity from Hickory)
azgDiversity.csv
Distance Over Land, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Distance over land (in meters)
azOverLand.csv
Thermal_PC1, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Thermal_PC1
azPCA1.csv
Pst Plasticity, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Pst of floral reflectance plasticity
azPstPlast.csv
Reproductive Season Months, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Duration of reproductive season in months
azReproMo.csv
Reproductive Season Precipitation, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Precipitation during reproductive season
azReproPrecip.csv
DiffMaxMin (Thermal Magnitude), normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Thermal magnitude of reproductive season
azDiffMaxMin.csv
MagnitudePC1, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - MagnitudePC1 axis
azMagnitudePCA.csv
Mag_Therm_PC1, normalized
Normalized Differentiation - Mag_Therm_PC1 axis
azMag_Therm_PCA.csv
gDegMoB15
Raw Differentiation - Proportion of reproductive season below 15C
gDifferentiation_Fst
Raw Differentiation - Fst
gDifferentiation_Jost
Raw Differentiation - Jost's D
gThermal_PC1
Raw Differentiation - Thermal_PC1
gPCA1.csv
gPhysicalDistance
Raw Differentiation - Physical Distance over land
gPstPlast
Raw Differentiation - Pst of floral reflectance plasticity
gReflectancePlasticity
Raw Differentiation - Floral reflectance plasticity
gReproMo
Raw Differentiation - Duration of reproductive season
gtotprecip
Raw Differentiation - Precipitation during reproductive season
gDiffMaxMin
Raw Differentiation - Thermal Magnitude during reproductive season
gMagnitude_PC1
Raw Differentiation - Magnitude_PC1 axis
gMagnitude_PCA.csv
EnvironmentalPCA
R script for principal components analyses
Environmental data to calculate Thermal_PC1
Environmental data used to calculate Thermal_PC1 principal components axis
Env.csv
Environmental data used to calculate Magnitude_PC1
Environmental data used to calculate Magnitude_PC1 principal components axis
Mag_Env.csv
Environmental data used to calculate Mag_Therm_PC1
Environmental data used to calculate Mag_Therm_PC1 principal components axis
Mag_Degmo_Env.csv
Mantel
R script for conducting Mantel and MRM analyses
Diversity_Lat_Alt
Population latitude altitude heterozygosity (het) and plasticity values used to conduct simple correlations
Bootstrap_R100_FrG_FrH
R Script - Example of bootstrapping file used to calculate 95% CI for Pst. This example is comparing Pst between FrG and FrH.
AFLP_Hickory_Input_ALL
AFLP input file to Hickory. Data are divided into 14 European populations. 1=present, 0=absent, ?=missing
AFLP_Hickory_Input_Regional
AFLP data file for input into Hickory. Data are divided into geographic regions. 1=present, 0=absent, ?=missing
AFLP_STRUCTURE_Input
Raw input file for Structure including all individuals divided into 14 populations. 1=present, 0=absent, 9=missing
Population_Data
Population data: Pop=Population, lat=Latitude, alt=Altitude, Heterozygosity=Heterozygosity, pseason=Season duration in months, DegMoBelow15=Proportion of reproductive season below 15C, pplasticity=Population mean floral reflectance plasticity, TotalPrecip.=Total reproductive season precipitation
95_CI_Final
95_CI_Final.xlsx: Data of all bootstrapped values of Pst for each pairwise population comparison. Lower and upper 95% CI values are highlighted in yellow
BootReflectance
Raw temperature-sensitive floral reflectance plasticity data for all populations.
ALL_VALUES_CI_FINAL
Normalized Data for input into GraphPad Prism 6
Comparison: Pairwise population comparison
Physal_Distance: Shortest distance between populations over land in meters
Thermal_PC1: First principal component from PCA integrating Proportion of Reproductive season between 15 degrees C and 5 degrees C and Duration of Reproductive season
DegMoB15: Proportion of Reproductive season between 15 degrees C and 5 degrees C
diff_months: Environmental differentiation in duration of the reproductive season in months
ReproPrecip: Environmental differentiation in total precipitation of the reproductive season in kg m^2
Magnitude: Thermal Magnitude of the Reproductive Season
Magnitude_PC1: First principal component from PCA integrating Thermal Magnitude of the Reproductive Season and Duration of Reproductive season
Mag_Therm_PC1: First principal component from PCA integrating Proportion of Reproductive season between 15 degrees C and 5 degrees C, Thermal Magnitude of the Reproductive Season, and Duration of Reproductive season
D: Genetic Differentiation Jost's D
lowerD: lower 95% CI Genetic Differentiation Jost's D
upperD: upper 95% CI Genetic Differentiation Jost's D
Fst: Genetic Differentiation Fst
lowerFst: lower 95% CI Genetic Differentiation Fst
upperFst: upper 95% CI Genetic Differentiation Fst
Pst: Phenotypic differentiation in temperature-sensitive floral reflectance plasticity
lowerPst: lower 95% CI Phenotypic differentiation in temperature-sensitive floral reflectance plasticity
upperPst: upper 95% CI Phenotypic differentiation in temperature-sensitive floral reflectance plasticity
Readme
Readme file with detailed description of each file associated with this publication
4.6.2018.Readme.rtf
