Exaggerated male traits under sexual selection are often used for both competition and courtship, raising the question of whether ornaments evolved simultaneously for both functions, or if use in one context preceded use in another. Here we apply a phylogenetic approach to study the evolution of ornamental dorsal fins in male poeciliid fish of the subgenera Mollienesia and Limia, which exhibit convergent development of an enlarged dorsal fin, and often direct erect-fin displays to male and female conspecifics. Unlike prior categorical assessments of poeciliid adornments, we measure dorsal fin exaggeration with a continuous index of ornamentation. Phylogenetic logistic and generalized least-squares regression analyses indicate that high index values are significantly associated with the use of two component postures of courtship and aggressive displays, dorsal fin erection and body curvature, but not with the presence of sexual dichromatism. Male displays initially evolved for male-male aggression in the common ancestor of Mollienesia and Limia, suggesting that this signal originated for competition, then became co-opted for courtship. These results support the armament-ornament hypothesis for evolution of exaggerated male traits, and are consistent with an evolutionary shift in the predominant mechanisms of sexual selection from intra- to intersexual.
R Code for Analysis of Covariance to Calculate the Ornamentation Index
Included in this file is the R code needed to conduct an analysis of covariance to calculate the ornamentation index for 37 measured species of Poecilia. The # annotations indicate steps that were done in every analysis for each species. The final calculated values of the ornamentation index are highlighted in yellow. Dorsal fin length refers to the measurement of dorsal fin height (height of the longest fin ray) used to calculate the ornamentation index, whereas dorsal fin width refers to the length of the dorsal fin at its base.
Goldberg et al ANCOVA for OI R Code.docx
Measurements of Specimens of Limia caymanensis
Limia caymanensis.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia dominicensis
Limia dominicensis.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia grossidens
Limia grossidens.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia melanogaster
Limia melanogaster.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia melanonotata
Limia melanonotata.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia nigrofasciata
Limia nigrofasciata.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia pauciradiata
Limia pauciradiata.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia perugiae
Limia perugiae.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia rivasi
Limia rivasi.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia sulfurophila
Limia sulfurophila.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia tridens
Limia tridens.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia versicolor
Limia versicolor.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia vittata
Limia vittata.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Limia zonata
Limia zonata.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Pseudolimia heterandria
Pseudolimia heterandria.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Allopoecilia caucana
Allopoecilia caucana.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Psychropoecilia hispaniolana
Psychropoecilia hispaniolana.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Pamphorichthys araguaiensis
Pamphorichthys araguaiensis.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Pamphorichthys hasemani
Pamphorichthys hasemani.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Pamphorichthys hollandi
Pamphorichthys hollandi.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Pamphorichthys minor
Pamphorichthys minor.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Pamphorichthys scalpridens
Pamphorichthys scalpridens.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia butleri
Poecilia butleri.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia chica
Poecilia chica.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia gilli
Poecilia gilli.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia hondurensis
Poecilia hondurensis.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia latipinna
Poecilia latipinna.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia latipunctata
Poecilia latipunctata.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia limantouri
Poecilia limantouri.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia mexicana
Poecilia mexicana.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia orri
Poecilia orri.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia petenensis
Poecilia petenensis.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia salvatoris
Poecilia salvatoris.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia sphenops
Poecilia sphenops.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia sulphuraria
Poecilia sulphuraria.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia velifera
Poecilia velifera.csv
Measurements of Specimens of Poecilia vivipara
Poecilia vivipara.csv