https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2rbnzs7x9

We have submitted our raw data about Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6 (adl2007_Science Robotics).

Description of the data and file structure

Descriptions:

Main abbreviations:

MΦNPs: macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles.

Algae-MΦNP-robot: macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae microrobots.

Static algae-MΦNPs: macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae without flagella.

Bare algae: bare green algae.

Algae-MΦNP-robot capsule: macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae microrobots encapsulated into the modified Size M mice capsule.

Static algae-MΦNPs capsule: macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae without flagella encapsulated into the modified Size M mice capsule.

Water / PBS: mice pre-treatment with water then oral administration with 1X PBS.

3% DSS / Algae-MΦNP-robot Capsule: mice pre-treatment with 3% w/v dextran sodium sulfate then oral administration with macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae microrobots encapsulated into the modified Size M mice capsule.

3% DSS / PBS: mice pre-treatment with 3% w/v dextran sodium sulfate then oral administration with 1X PBS.

3% DSS / Static algae-MΦNPs Capsule: mice pre-treatment with 3% w/v dextran sodium sulfate then oral administration with macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae without flagella encapsulated into the modified Size M mice capsule.

3% DSS / Algae-MΦNP-robot: mice pre-treatment with 3% w/v dextran sodium sulfate then oral administration with macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae microrobots.

Water / Algae-MΦNP-robot Capsule: mice pre-treatment with water then oral administration with macrophage membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded green algae microrobots encapsulated into the modified Size M mice capsule.

ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Each Figure description:

·       Figure 1D: Speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) at room temperature (22 °C) or body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: motion speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in µm/s, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) in hours at room temperature (22 °C) or body temperature (37 °C); each point includes 100 independent datapoints (n = 100).

·       Figure 1E: Motile ratio of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) at room temperature (22 °C) or body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: the motile percentage of algae-MΦNP-robot, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) in hours at room temperature (22 °C) or body temperature (37 °C); each group include 6 independent datapoints (n = 6).

·       Figure 1F: Speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with TNF-α at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: motion speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in µm/s, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with TNF-α in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each point includes 100 independent datapoints (n = 100).

·       Figure 1G: Speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-6 at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: motion speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in µm/s, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-6 in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each point includes 100 independent datapoints (n = 100).

·       Figure 1H: Speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-1β at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: motion speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in µm/s, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-1β in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each point includes 100 independent datapoints (n = 100).

·       Figure 1I: Speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IFN-γ at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: motion speed of algae-MΦNP-robot in µm/s, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IFN-γ in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each point includes 100 independent datapoints (n = 100).

·       Figure 1J: Motile ratio of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with TNF-α at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: the motile percentage of algae-MΦNP-robot, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with TNF-α in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each group include 6 independent datapoints (n = 6).

·       Figure 1K: Motile ratio of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-6 at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: the motile percentage of algae-MΦNP-robot, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-6 in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each group include 6 independent datapoints (n = 6).

·       Figure 1L: Motile ratio of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-1β at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: the motile percentage of algae-MΦNP-robot, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IL-1β in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each group include 6 independent datapoints (n = 6).

·       Figure 1M: Motile ratio of algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IFN-γ at body temperature (37 °C); y-axis: the motile percentage of algae-MΦNP-robot, x-axis: the time after transferring algae-MΦNP-robot in artificial colonic fluid (ACF) with IFN-γ in hours at body temperature (37 °C); each group include 6 independent datapoints (n = 6).

·       Figure 2A: Quantification of different inputs of MΦNPs binding onto algae through click chemistry; y-axis: MΦNPs binding amount onto algae in mg/ml, x-axis: MΦNPs input amount in mg/ml; each group include 3 independent datapoints (n = 3).

·       Figure 2C: Neutralization of TNF-α with different concentration among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining TNF-α measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: equivalent algae amount of each group in × 107/ml; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 2D: Neutralization of IL-6 with different concentration among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining IL-6 measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: equivalent algae amount of each group in × 107/ml; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 2E: Neutralization of IL-1β with different concentration among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining IL-1β measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: equivalent algae amount of each group in × 107/ml; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 2F: Neutralization of IFN-γ with different concentration among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining IFN-γ measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: equivalent algae amount of each group in × 107/ml; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 2G: Neutralization of TNF-α with different time among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining TNF-α measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: the time incubating with TNF-α in hours; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 2H: Neutralization of IL-6 with different time among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining IL-6 measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: the time incubating with IL-6 in hours; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 2I: Neutralization of IL-1β with different time among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining IL-1β measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: the time incubating with IL-1β in hours; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 2J: Neutralization of IFN-γ with different time among all groups in vitro; y-axis: remaining IFN-γ measured by ELISA in pg/ml, x-axis: the time incubating with IFN-γ in hours; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 3C: Comparison of fluorescence intensity of the capsules prior to oral delivery, in the stomach or small intestine; y-axis: radiant fluorescence of the DiR-dye loaded in the MΦNP PLGA core in Cy7 channel, x-axis: pre-oral delivery, in stomach, and in small intestine groups; each group include 3 independent datapoints (n = 3).

·       Figure 3E: Quantified relative fluorescence intensity per gram of colon tissues collected; y-axis: relative fluorescence intensity per gram of tissue, x-axis: the time after oral administration with algae-MΦNP-robot capsule or static algae-MΦNPs capsule; each datapoint include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 4B & 5B: Daily mice body weight changes in each group; y-axis: relative bodyweight changes, x-axis: the time after oral administration in days; each datapoint include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 4C & 5C: Disease activity index changes in each group; y-axis: disease activity index changes, x-axis: the time after oral administration in days; each datapoint include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 4D & 5D: Comparison of the mouse colon length in each experimental group; y-axis: mice colon length in centimeter, x-axis: each group; each group include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 4E & 5E: Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) in the colon tissues; y-axis: the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) amount in nano-gram per gram of colon tissue, x-axis: each group; each group include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 4G & 5G: Colonic damage score; y-axis: the colonic damage score, x-axis: each group; each group include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 4I & 5I: Colon tissues were excised and analyzed with related mRNA levels of ZO-1; y-axis: relative mRNA levels of ZO-1, x-axis: each group; each group include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 4J & 5J: Colon tissues were excised and analyzed with related mRNA levels of Occludin; y-axis: relative mRNA levels of Occludin, x-axis: each group; each group include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 6B: Daily mice body weight changes in each group; y-axis: relative bodyweight changes, x-axis: the time after oral administration in days; each datapoint include 6 independent studies (n = 6).

·       Figure 6C: Comprehensive blood chemistry panel; y-axis: relative to normal level of each blood chemistry panel, x-axis: ALB, albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AMY, amylase; TBIL, total bilirubin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CA, calcium; PHOS, phosphorus; CRE, creatinine; GLU, glucose; Na+, sodium; K+, potassium; TP, total protein; GLOB, globulin; each group include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 6D: Counts of various blood cells; y-axis: cell counts in number/µl, x-axis: WBC, white blood cells; RBC, red blood cells; PLT, platelets; each group include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

·       Figure 6G: Concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) in the health colon tissues; y-axis: the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) amount in nano-gram per gram of colon tissue, x-axis: PBS, mice oral administration with 1X PBS as health control; algae-MΦNP-robot capsule, mice oral administration with algae-MΦNP-robot capsule; each group include 3 independent studies (n = 3).

Data statistical analysis:

The experiments conducted were all performed repeatedly and independently to acquire the data shown in figures, which were reported as error bars represent ± standard deviation relative to means. To assess the statistical significance between two groups, a two-tailed, Student’s t test was used, and for multiple comparisons, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s test was performed. Statistical significance is denoted as P* < 0.05, **P < 0.01, **P* < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001. To minimize any potential bias that might occur during the study, no data were excluded; samples were allocated randomly to different experimental groups; organisms were cultured under the same environmental conditions and randomly allocated to each group; investigators were not blinded during data collection and analysis throughout the experiments.

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