Global change is increasing the frequency and severity of human-wildlife interactions by pushing people and wildlife into increasingly resource-limited shared spaces. To understand the dynamics of human-wildlife interactions, and what may constitute human-wildlife coexistence in the Anthropocene, there is a critical need to explore the spatial, temporal, sociocultural, and ecological variables that contribute to human-wildlife conflicts in urban areas.

Due to their opportunistic foraging and behavioral flexibility, coyotes (Canis latrans) frequently interact with people in urban environments. San Francisco, California, USA hosts a very high density of coyotes, making it an excellent region for analyzing urban human-coyote interactions and attitudes toward coyotes over time and space.

We used a community-curated long-term data source from San Francisco Animal Care and Control to summarize a decade of coyote sightings and human-coyote interactions in San Francisco and to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of attitudes and interaction types in relation to housing density, socioeconomics, pollution and human vulnerability metrics, and green space availability.

We found that human-coyote conflict reports have been significantly increasing over the past 5 years and that there were more conflicts during the coyote pup-rearing season (April-June), the dry season (June-September), and the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflict reports were also more likely to involve dogs and occur inside of parks, despite more overall sightings occurring outside of parks. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that conflicts were more likely to occur in places with higher vegetation greenness and median income. Meanwhile reported coyote boldness, hazing, and human attitudes toward coyotes were also correlated with pollution burden and human population vulnerability indices.

Synthesis and applications: Our results provide compelling evidence suggesting that human-coyote conflicts are intimately associated with social-ecological heterogeneities and time, emphasizing that the road to coexistence will require socially-informed strategies. Additional long-term research articulating how the social-ecological drivers of conflict (e.g., human food subsidies, interactions with domestic species, climate-induced droughts, socioeconomic disparities, etc.) change over time will be essential in building adaptive management efforts that effectively mitigate future conflicts from occurring.