Mutualisms may be “key innovations” that spur lineage diversification by augmenting niche breadth, geographic range, or population size, thereby increasing speciation rates or decreasing extinction rates. Whether mutualism accelerates diversification in both interacting lineages is an open question. Research suggests that plants that attract ant mutualists have higher diversification rates than non-ant associated lineages. We ask whether the reciprocal is true: does the interaction between ants and plants also accelerate diversification in ants, i.e. do ants and plants cooperate-and-radiate? We used a novel text-mining approach to determine which ant species associate with plants in defensive or seed dispersal mutualisms. We investigated patterns of lineage diversification across a recent ant phylogeny using BiSSE, BAMM, and HiSSE models. Ants that associate mutualistically with plants had elevated diversification rates compared to non-mutualistic ants in the BiSSE model, with a similar trend in BAMM, suggesting ants and plants cooperate-and-radiate. However, the best-fitting model was a HiSSE model with a hidden state, meaning that diversification models that do no account for unmeasured traits are inappropriate to assess the relationship between mutualism and ant diversification. Against a backdrop of diversification rate heterogeneity, the best-fitting HiSSE model found that mutualism actually decreases diversification: mutualism evolved much more frequently in rapidly diversifying ant lineages, but then subsequently slowed diversification. Thus, it appears that ant lineages first radiated, then cooperated with plants.
All_Terms_Species
Plant mutualist trait information for all text-mined species.
Species_Domatia_Data
Trait information for domatia for all text-mined species.
Species_EFN_Data
Trait information for extrafloral nectaries (EFN) for all text-mined species.
Species_Seed_Dispersal_Data
Trait information for seed dispersal for all text-mined species.
Species_Food_Body_Data
Trait information for food bodies for all text-mined species.
Species_DEF_pruned_data
Trait information for pruned list of species for defense mutualisms (included traits are domatia, extrafloral nectaries, and food bodies).
Species_SD_pruned_data
Trait information for pruned list of species for seed dispersal mutualisms (included trait is seed dispersal only).
Plant_Mutualist_Trait_Data
Plant mutualist trait information for all text-mined species (file formatted for BAMM analysis).
Pruned Species Tree
Original species tree is 'Supplementary File 20' from Dryad data package: Nelsen MP, Ree RH, Moreau CS (2018) Data from: Ant-plant interactions evolved through increasing interdependence. Dryad Digital Repository. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.ft4sn88.2, associated with the publication Nelsen MP, Ree RH, Moreau CS (2018) Ant-plant interactions evolved through increasing interdependence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (48) 12253-12258. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719794115.
We pruned the 1731 species to 795 species to match the trait information, resulting in our file Pruned Species Tree (Newick_Species_Tree).
Newick_Species_Tree
preprocess_abstracts
Code used to format abstracts for text-mining.
scan_abstracts
Code used to text-mine abstracts.
scan_all_abstracts.py
Springer API Script
Script used to obtain abstracts.
BAMM_Plant_Mutualist
Script for BAMM analysis.
BAMM_PlantMutualist.R
BAMM_STRAPP
Output of STRAPP analysis.
event_data_species_1
Event data required for BAMM analysis.
mcmc_out_species_1
MCMC data required for BAMM analysis.
BiSSE_Plant_Mutualist
Script for BiSSE model.
BiSSE_PlantMutualist.R
mcmcbisse_species_all_data
MCMC output from BiSSE model.
mcmcbisse_species_all_data
Output from BiSSE model.
HiSSE_DEF
Script for HiSSE model run on defense mutualisms.
HiSSE_Defense.R
HiSSE_SD
Script for HiSSE model run on seed dispersal mutualisms.
HiSSE_Seed_Dispersal.R
HiSSE_Plant_Mutualist
Script for HiSSE model run on all traits (plant mutualist category).
HiSSE_PlantMutualist.R