Urban environments promote adaptation to multiple stressors
Data files
Aug 07, 2024 version files 155.03 KB
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README.md
4.96 KB
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Salinity_-_temperature.xlsx
71.21 KB
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Temperature_-_pCO2.xlsx
78.87 KB
Jan 10, 2025 version files 153.22 KB
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README.md
3.14 KB
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Salinity_-_temperature.xlsx
71.21 KB
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Temperature_-_pCO2.xlsx
78.87 KB
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have drastically changed environmental conditions worldwide, negatively impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services. At the same time, the majority of the human population lives in urban areas that are greatly altered from natural habitats. Nevertheless, many species thrive in urban environments. To improve our knowledge of evolution and adaptation in these anthropogenically impacted habitats, we conducted the widest series of stress experiments to date with three marine taxa: one mussel and two gammarid species. We compared intraspecific populations from protected and human-altered habitats to determine their tolerance to salinity, temperature and partial pressure of CO2 in water (pCO2) regimes. Populations from impacted habitats typically outperformed protected habitat populations, with individuals from the most impacted habitat being the most robust. We propose that urban populations are adapting to life in disturbed environments — this adaptation concurrently promotes more resilient rescue populations but potentially confers increased invasion risk from non-native species.
README: Urban environments promote adaptation to multiple stressors
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3tx95x6qx
Description of the data and file structure
There are two files: the first one containing data of the temperature – pCO2 experiments, and the second one containing data of the temperature – salinity experiments. The files contain information for the ambient and treatment experiments by providing data on survival of tested individuals in manipulated temperature, pCO2 and/or salinity conditions. Records of temperature, pCO2 and/or salinity are included as well.
Files and variables
File: Temperature_-_pCO2.xlsx
Description: Each excel sheet (i.e., Mytilus sp. Schleimünde, Mytilus Kiel Fjord, G. locusta Schleimünde, G. locusta Falckenstein, G. salinus Schleimünde, G. salinus Kiel Kanal, and G. salinus Kiel Fjord) represents one experiment for one population of Mytilus sp., Gammarus locusta and Gammarus salinus, respectively. Schleimünde, Kiel Fjord, Falckenstein, and Kiel Kanal are sampling locations of experimental populations.
Variables
*Date: Dates of the experiment
*Day: Day of the experiment
*Number of individuals: Number of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment
*Average survival: Average survival of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*pH: averaged pH measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*temperature: averaged temperature measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*n/a: not applicable - due to 100% mortality of experimental individuals temperature and pH parameters were not measured any more
File: Salinity_-_temperature.xlsx
Description: Each excel sheet (i.e., Mytilus sp. Schleimünde, Mytilus Kiel Fjord, G. locusta Schleimünde, G. locusta Falckenstein, G. salinus Schleimünde, G. salinus Falckenstein, G. salinus Kiel Kanal, and G. salinus Kiel Fjord) represents one experiment for one population of Mytilus sp., Gammarus locusta and Gammarus salinus, respectively. Schleimünde, Kiel Fjord, Falckenstein, and Kiel Kanal are sampling locations of experimental populations.
Variables
*Date: Dates of the experiment
*Day: Day of the experiment
*Number of individuals: Number of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment
*Average survival: Average survival of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*temperature: averaged temperature measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
* salinity: averaged salinity measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*n/a: not applicable - due to 100% mortality of experimental individuals temperature and salinity parameters were not measured any more
Code/software
The R code used for all of the GLMs has been provided at Zenedo at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14616924.
Methods
Populations of one mussel (i.e., Mytilus sp.) and two gammarid species (i.e., Gammarus locusta and G. salinus) were collected in protected and human-altered habitats (i.e., impacted) in the Baltic Sea in Germany. The protected habitat was Schleimünde (Maasholm), while the human-altered habitat was the Kiel fjord, with three locations: i) downtown Kiel; ii) Kiel canal; and iii) Falckenstein beach. Species were collected from May 2016 until January 2021, depending on when a particular species/population experiment was conducted as well as sampling logistics. Two different types of experiments were conducted for each population of each species, with two crossed stressors: i) temperature – pCO2 experiments; and ii) temperature – salinity experiments. In both types of these multiple-stressor experiments with factorial stressor arrangements, following the acclimatization period to laboratory environment, the stress tests were conducted using ten mean-size adult individuals per replicate; except in two experiments when eight and nine individuals were used due to a lack of individuals (i.e., in a temperature – pCO2 experiment with Mytilus sp. from Schleimünde and a temperature – salinity experiment with G. locusta from Schleimünde). The experimental individuals were transferred from the acclimation conditions to the experimental conditions without gradual adjustments. Three replicates were conducted for each treatment. Mussel experiments were performed in 5 L aquaria, whereas those for gammarids were in 2 L aquaria containing artificial habitat structures to provide complexity of habitat. The experiments lasted for 30 days, with mortality checked daily. Light and feeding regimes were kept the same as during the acclimation period. Every ten days, 50% of the water was exchanged with previously prepared water to ensure the desired temperature, salinity and pCO2 conditions were kept.