Urban stress tolerance supports the anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade hypothesis
Data files
Aug 07, 2024 version files 155.03 KB
-
README.md
4.96 KB
-
Salinity_-_temperature.xlsx
71.21 KB
-
Temperature_-_pCO2.xlsx
78.87 KB
Abstract
Understanding factors which drive invasion success of non-native species is critical to achieving global conservation goals. Dozens of hypotheses attempt to explain biological invasions, but pre-invasion conditions affecting source population invasiveness have been neglected. The ‘anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade’ hypothesis postulates that populations adapted to anthropogenically-altered habitats in their native ranges are likely to be pre-adapted to similar habitats worldwide. Here, we conducted the widest empirical test of this hypothesis through stress experiments with one mussel Mytilus sp. and two gammarid species Gammarus locusta and G. salinus from protected and human-altered habitats to determine tolerance to salinity, temperature and pCO2 regimes. Populations from impacted habitats typically outperformed protected habitat populations, with individuals from the most impacted habitat being the most robust. We propose that urban non-native species populations are adapting to life in disturbed environments-this pre-adaptation poses increased invasion risk due to high tolerance to increasingly ubiquitous human-altered environments.
README: Urban stress tolerance supports the anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade hypothesis
https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3tx95x6qx
Populations of one mussel (i.e., Mytilus sp.) and two gammarid species (i.e., Gammarus locusta and G. salinus) were collected in protected and human-altered habitats (i.e., impacted) in the Baltic Sea in Germany. The protected habitat was Schleimünde (Maasholm), while the human-altered habitat was the Kiel fjord, with three locations: i) downtown Kiel; ii) Kiel canal; and iii) Falckenstein beach. Species were collected from May 2016 until January 2021, depending on when a particular species/population experiment was conducted as well as sampling logistics. Two different types of experiments were conducted for each population of each species, with two crossed stressors: i) temperature – pCO2 experiments; and ii) temperature – salinity experiments. In both types of these multiple-stressor experiments with factorial stressor arrangements, following the acclimatization period to laboratory environment, the stress tests were conducted using ten mean-size adult individuals per replicate; except in two experiments when eight and nine individuals were used due to a lack of individuals (i.e., in a temperature – pCO2 experiment with Mytilus sp. from Schleimünde and a temperature – salinity experiment with G. locusta from Schleimünde). The experimental individuals were transferred from the acclimation conditions to the experimental conditions without gradual adjustments. Three replicates were conducted for each treatment. Mussel experiments were performed in 5 L aquaria, whereas those for gammarids were in 2 L aquaria containing artificial habitat structures to provide complexity of habitat. The experiments lasted for 30 days, with mortality checked daily. Light and feeding regimes were kept the same as during the acclimation period. Every ten days, 50% of the water was exchanged with previously prepared water to ensure the desired temperature, salinity and pCO2 conditions were kept.
Description of the data and file structure
There are two files: the first one containing data of the temperature – pCO2 experiments, and the second one containing data of the temperature – salinity experiments. The files contain information for the ambient and treatment experiments by providing data on survival of tested individuals in manipulated temperature, pCO2 and/or salinity conditions. Records of temperature, pCO2 and/or salinity are included as well.
the temperature – pCO2 experiments
Each excel sheet (i.e., Mytilus sp. Schleimünde, Mytilus Kiel Fjord, G. locusta Schleimünde, G. locusta Falckenstein, G. salinus Schleimünde, G. salinus Kiel Kanal, and G. salinus Kiel Fjord) represents one experiment for one population of Mytilus sp., Gammarus locusta and Gammarus salinus, respectively. Schleimünde, Kiel Fjord, Falckenstein, and Kiel Kanal are sampling locations of experimental populations.
*Date: Dates of the experiment
*Day: Day of the experiment
*Number of individuals: Number of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment
*Average survival: Average survival of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*pH: averaged pH measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*temperature: averaged temperature measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*n/a: not applicable - due to 100% mortality of experimental individuals temperature and pH parameters were not measured any more
the temperature – salinity experiments
Each excel sheet (i.e., Mytilus sp. Schleimünde, Mytilus Kiel Fjord, G. locusta Schleimünde, G. locusta Falckenstein, G. salinus Schleimünde, G. salinus Falckenstein, G. salinus Kiel Kanal, and G. salinus Kiel Fjord) represents one experiment for one population of Mytilus sp., Gammarus locusta and Gammarus salinus, respectively. Schleimünde, Kiel Fjord, Falckenstein, and Kiel Kanal are sampling locations of experimental populations.
*Date: Dates of the experiment
*Day: Day of the experiment
*Number of individuals: Number of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment
*Average survival: Average survival of alive individuals for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*temperature: averaged temperature measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*salinity: averaged salinity measured for a particular day of the experiment out of the three replicates
*n/a: not applicable - due to 100% mortality of experimental individuals temperature and salinity parameters were not measured any more
Sharing/Access information
N/A
Code/Software
There was no custom code or mathematical algorithm used in the study.
Methods
Populations of one mussel (i.e., Mytilus sp.) and two gammarid species (i.e., Gammarus locusta and G. salinus) were collected in protected and human-altered habitats (i.e., impacted) in the Baltic Sea in Germany. The protected habitat was Schleimünde (Maasholm), while the human-altered habitat was the Kiel fjord, with three locations: i) downtown Kiel; ii) Kiel canal; and iii) Falckenstein beach. Species were collected from May 2016 until January 2021, depending on when a particular species/population experiment was conducted as well as sampling logistics. Two different types of experiments were conducted for each population of each species, with two crossed stressors: i) temperature – pCO2 experiments; and ii) temperature – salinity experiments. In both types of these multiple-stressor experiments with factorial stressor arrangements, following the acclimatization period to laboratory environment, the stress tests were conducted using ten mean-size adult individuals per replicate; except in two experiments when eight and nine individuals were used due to a lack of individuals (i.e., in a temperature – pCO2 experiment with Mytilus sp. from Schleimünde and a temperature – salinity experiment with G. locusta from Schleimünde). The experimental individuals were transferred from the acclimation conditions to the experimental conditions without gradual adjustments. Three replicates were conducted for each treatment. Mussel experiments were performed in 5 L aquaria, whereas those for gammarids were in 2 L aquaria containing artificial habitat structures to provide complexity of habitat. The experiments lasted for 30 days, with mortality checked daily. Light and feeding regimes were kept the same as during the acclimation period. Every ten days, 50% of the water was exchanged with previously prepared water to ensure the desired temperature, salinity and pCO2 conditions were kept.