The exposure of yolk androgens can positively stimulate chick growth and competitive ability but may negatively affect immunity. It has been hypothesized that only chicks from immunologically superior fathers can bear the cost of prenatal exposure to high androgen levels. To test this hypothesis we paired roosters from two selection lines, one up- and one down-selected for natural antibodies, with hens from a control line. We measured yolk testosterone and androstenedione levels, and we injected the treatment group  of  eggs of each female with testosterone suspended in sesame oil and the control group with sesame oil only. We then measured hatching success, growth, and characterised the humoral and cellular immune responses using three different challenges: a PHA, an LPS, and an SRBC challenge. We found that the hatching success, body mass, initial levels of natural antibodies, and the chicks immunological responses to the three different challenges development were affected neither by paternal immune-competence nor by treatment. These results do not support the hypothesis that chicks from low quality fathers are more sensitive to testosterone exposure during embryonic development than chicks from high quality fathers.

The exposure of yolk androgen can positively stimulate chicks growth and competitive ability but may negatively affect immunity. It has been hypothesized that only chicks from an immunologically superior father can bear the cost of parental exposure to high androgen levels. To test this hypothesis we paired roosters from two selection lines, one up- and one down-selected for natural antibodies, with hens from a control line. We measured yolk testosterone and androstenedione levels, and we injected the treatment group  of  eggs of each female with testosterone suspended in sesame oil and the control group with sesame oil only. We then measured hatching success, growth, and characterised the humoral and cellular immune responses using three different challenges: a PHA, an LPS, and an SRBC challenge. We found that the hatching success, body mass, initial levels of natural antibodies, and the chicks immunological responses to the three different challenges development were affected neither by paternal immune-competence nor by treatment. These results do not support the hypothesis that chicks from low quality fathers are more sensitive to testosterone exposure during embryonic development than chicks from high quality fathers.